შედარებითი კვლევის პრაქტიკა

Tamar iakobiZe

11. sazRvrebs zevidan: SedarebiTi kvlevebis praqtika

aqamde ganxiluli kvleviTi strategiebis realizeba yovelgvari sirTuli gareSe SeiZleba erTi qveynis farglebs gareT gasvlis gareSec – rogorc pirdapiri, ise gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT. politikuri kiTxvebis umravlesobaze – dawyebuli samarTaldamcveli organoebis uflebamosilebis problemidan da damTavrebuli masebis politikuri aqtiurobis korelatebis ZiebiT, amomwuravi monacemebis miReba SegviZlia Cveni sakuTari qveynis gamocdilebidanac. magram amave dros, mxolod erT qveyanaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT Cven sakuTar Tvalsawiers vaviwrovebT. Tuki Cven gvsurs viswavloT, ukeT avxsnaT da viwinaswarmetyveloT politikuri movlenebi, maSin erT-erTi gzaa amisken, – mivmarToT SedarebiT analizs. aseTi midgoma saSualebas gvaZlevs vixelmZRvaneloT monacemebis ufr farTo zriT da amavdroulad wamovwioT iseTi sakiTxebi, romelzec erTi calke aRebuli qveynis monacemebs pasuxis ar SeuZlia. imis miuxedavad exeba Tu ara es politikuri Zaladobis motivebs, xalxis xelisuflebisgan gaucxoebis mizezebs, saxelmwifo politikaze politikuri organizaciis sxvadasxva tipebis zemoqmedebis Sedegebs, Tu raime sxva problemebs – yvela SemTxvevaSi SedrebiTi analizi zrdis Cveni daskvnebis sandoobas.

da marTlac, ra saWiroa Tavis SezRudva mxolod erTi qveynis SeswavliT? aseT SemTxvevaSi xom Cveni Sedegebi pirvel rigSi kulturulad ganpirobebuli iqneba. saqme isaa, rom yovel qveyanas gaaCnia sakuTari unikaluri maxasiaTeblebi, romlebmac kvlevis SedegebSi SeiZleba cvlileba gamoiwvios. magaliTad, Cven gvsurs gavarkvioT, rogor moqmedebs amomrCevlis socialur-ekonomikuri statusi mis arCevanze arCvenebis dros. Tuki Cvens xelT iqneba mxolod amerikuli monacemebi, Cven, savaraudod, dvaskvniT, rom socialur-ekonomikuri statusi da arCevnebze qceba erTmaneTTan Zalian sustad aris dakavSirebuli da ar iqneba swori, vivaraudoT, TiTqos politikuri qceva ganisazRvrebodes im socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebiT, romlebSic amomrCevlebs uwevT cxovreba da muSaoba. magram Tuki Cven gavafarTovebT Cvens SerCevas da ganvixilavT dasavleTis sxva qveynebs – vTqvaT, did britaneTs, safrangeTs, gfr-s, - maSin savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom aRmovaCenT gacilebiT ufro mkveTrad gamoxatul damokidebulebas, rac nawilobriv aixsneba am qveynebSi socialuri klasebis istoriuli ganviTarebis sxvaobaSi. amgvarad, aSS am SemTxvevaSi ver iqneba tipiuri magaliTi.

aviRoT sxva magaliTi. davuSvaT, Cven gvainteresebs, vin da ra mizeziT ikavebs Tavs xmis micemisgan sayovelTao arCevnebSi. rac Seexeba aSS-s, Cven aRmovaCenT, rom amomrCevlebis daaxloebiT naxevari arCevenbis dRes saarCevno ubanSi ar midis. SeiZleba SevecadoT amis axsnas imiT, rom demokratiuli arCevnebi – gansakuTrebiT saerTo-erovnul doneze – amomrCevlebs xmis micemis survils ukargavs, radganac ar aZlevs maT TiTqmis araviTar garantias imisa, rom TiToeuli maTganis xmas SeiZleba gavlena hqondes arCevnebis Sedegebze. Tumca, sakmarisia Cven mivmarToT dasavleT evropis monacemebs, rom sruliad sxva daskvna gamovitanoT. 70-ian wlebSi urnebTan armisulTa raodenoba norvegiaSi mTeli amomrCevlebis daaxloebiT 82% iyo, xolo imave periodSi italiaSi – 90%-ze meti. da es imis miuxedavadac, rom iq sul mcire miiCnevdnen, rom amomrCevelTa didi ricxvi nebismieri calkeuli biuletenis efeqts amcirebs. amgvarad, sxva axsna unda arsebobdes imisa, Tu ratom aris aSS-Si arCevnebSi monawileobis aseTi dabali procenti, da CvenTvis es gasagebi xdeba mxolod sxva qveynebis monacemebis ganxilvis wyalobiT. SedarebiTi analizi gvaCvenebs, rom Sejibreba arCevnebis procesSi da iseTi institucionaluri maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa arCevnebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanonebi da or- an mravalpartiuli sistemis arseboba, viTardebodnen didi xnis manZilze da nel-nela, rac xsnis amomrCevlebis ricxvis gansxvavebul dones. Cvens mier ganxiluli orive magaliTi metyvelebs imaze, rom amerikul kulturas – iseve, rogorc nebismier kulturas – gaaCnia sakuTari specifiuri maxasiaTeblebi, ramac SeiZleba daamaxinjos Cveni daskvnebi.

mxolod erT qveyanaze yuradRebis koncentrireba kidev Semdegi saxiT gvzRudavs: is xels gviSlis movlenis sistemuri donis analizSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arsebobs iseTi cvladi sidideebi (rogoric, magaliTad, politikuri sistemis tipi an administraciul-teritoriuli organizaciis tipi), romlebic qveyanas mTlianobaSi axasiaTebs, da kvlevas eqvemdebareba mxolod ori an meti qveynis erTmaneTTan Sedarebis dros. magaliTad, aviRoT federalizmis problema. Cven SeiZleba gagviCndes imis mtkicebis survili, rom federaluri wyoba (rodesac Zalaufleba dayofilia mTavrobebis or an met dones Soris) iwvevs saxelmwifo saxsrebis araTanabar ganawilebas qveynis calkeul raionebs Soris. Tuki raionuli xelisufleba damoukidebelia federaluri mTavrobisagan, misi Sexeduleba imaze, Tu rogor da sad daixarjos samTavrobo fondebi, savaraudod gansxvavebuli iqneba centraluri xelisuflebis azrisagan. imisaTvis, rom SevamowmoT es mtkicebuleba, Cven SedarebisTvis unda SeviswavloT sul mcire erTi ara federaciuli, an unitaruli sistemis monacemebi (rodesac calkeuli raionebi formalurad ar floben centraluri mTavrobisgan damoukidebel Zalauflebas). da mxolod federaciuli da unitaruli wyobis mqonde qveynebSi Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi gveqneba ufleba davaskvnaT, rom federalizmi warmoadgens mniSvnelovan cvlds, romelic gavlenas axdens saxelmwifo saxsrebis ganawilebaze. swored asevea im SemTxveveSi, Tuki Cven vamtkicebT, rom ekonomiuri zrda im qveynebSi, sadac industrializacia cota xnis win daiwyo, damokidebulia mTavrobis mier SromiTi resursebis kontrolirebis unarze. imisaTvis rom SevamowmoT es mtkicebuleba, Cven aucieleblia gvqondes SerCeva, romelic moicavs warmoebaze gansxvavebuli kontrolis mqone qveynebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis, rodesac Cven vexebiT sistemuri donis Tvisebebs, Cven aucileblobis winaSe vdgebiT CavataroT SedarebiTi analizi ori an meti saxelmwifos masalebis mixedviT.

SedarebiTi analizma SeiZleba Zvirfasi daxmareba aRmogviCinos agreTve politikuri reformebisa da maTi proeqtebis Sefasebisas. sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis Seswavla gvexmareba ukeT gavigoT alternatiuli “politikuri TamaSis wesebis upiratesobebi da naklovani mxareebi, da Sesabamisad, ufro zustad ganvsazRvroT sakuTar qveyanaSi politikuri reformebis potenciuri plusebi da minusebi. 50-ian wlebSi aSS-Si zogierTi eqsperti gamodioda britanuli politikuri sistemis magaliTis mixedviT reformebis gatarebis winadadebiT, raTa miRweuliyo meti erTianoba ZiriTad politikur partiebs SigniT da, Sedegad, saSualo amomrCevlisTvis uzrunvelyofiliyo meti sicxade partiebs Soris arCevanis dros. sxvebi imave dros ayenebdnen proporciuli warmomadgenlobis ideas (safrangeTis sistema), romlis drosac, sakanonmdeblo organoSi romelime partiisTvis micemuli adgilebis raodenoba pirdapirproporciulia maT mier arCevnebSi miRebuli xmebisa, ris Sedegadac gansxvavebuli partiebisa da jgufebis mniSvnelovan ricxvs sakanonmdeblo organoSi sakuTari xma aqvs, rac eleqtoratis mier maTi mxardaWeris xarisxis Sesabamisia. yovel aseT SemTxvevaSi sxva qveynebis gamocdileba bevrs gveubneba Sesabamisi politikuri wyobilebis rogorc upiratesobebze, ise naklovanebebzec.

amgvarad, SedarebiTi analizi politologiuri kvlevis mniSnvelovani Semadgeneli nawilia, radganac saSualebas iZleva gavakeToT ganzogadoebebi calkeuli kulturebis xSirad viwro CarCoebs zeviT, da aseve ganvaxorcieloT zogierTi sistemuri Tvisebis Semowmeba. TavisTavad cxadia, rom aseTi analizi unda akmayofilebdes Tvisebrivi kvlevis yvela im standarts, razec saubari iyo wina TavebSi. amas garda, aucilebelia Semdegi wesebis dacva.

pirveli wesi exeba kvlevis savaraudo obieqtis konceptualizacias: aucieleblia davrwmundeT, rom kiTxvebi, romelTac Cven vsvamT, realurad uSvebs SedarebiTi analizis ganxorcielebas. meore wesi mdgomareobs operacionalizaciaSi: Cvens mier gamoyenebuli yoveli cvladi sidide im cnebebis ekvivalenturi sazomi unda iyos, romlebic Seesabameba TiToeul kulturas Cvens SerCevaSi. SerCevis Sedgenis process Tavis mxriv mivyavarT mesame wesTan: qveynebi analizisTvis imgvarad unda iqnes arCeuli rom minimumamde iyos dayvanili kulturis zegavlena, romelsac SeuZlia daamaxinjos Sedegebi. da bolos, SerCeva unda akmayofilebdes kidev erT wess: TiToeul qveyanaze dakvirveba unda iyos damoukidebeli.

axla ganvixiloT TiToeuli moTxovna, da avxsnaT, rogor SeuZliaT maT gavlena moaxdinon miRebul Sedegebze.

“moxetiale” kiTxvebis gamovlena

SedarebiTi kvlevis pirveli moTxovna imaSi mdgomareobs, rom daisvas mxolod iseTi kiTxvebi, romlebic miesadageba gansxvavebul kulturebs. aseTi formulirebiT, SesaZloa, es wesi Candes aSkara, da arc saWiroebdes komentarebs. Tumca misi simartive moCvenebiTia, radgan politologiaSi wamoyenebuli sakiTxebidan bevri sinamdvileSi miesadageba qveynebis mxolod Zalian viwro speqtrs. aviRoT, magaliTad, Tanamedrove politologiaSi sayvareli problema, rac mdgomareobs arCevnebze amomrCevlebis qcevis axsnaSi. mudmivma interesma im faqtorebisadmi, rac gansazRvravs amomrCevlis arCevans xmis micemis dros, migviyvana mTeli Teoriis Seqmnamde, Tavisi sakuTari daxelovnebuli meTodebis nakrebiT, romlebic, Canafqris mixedviT, gamoyenebul unda iqnes nebismier politikur garemoSi, Cvens qveyanaSic da mis farglebs gareTac. Tumca kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom da rogor aZleven adamianebi xmas, - cudi “moxetialeebi” aris, imitom rom kvlevas zRudavs mxolod im qveynebiT, sadac tardeba regularuli arCevnebi Sejibrebis safuZvelze, aseTi piroba ki ganxilvisTvis avtomaturad gamoricxavs msoflios saxelmwifoebis naxevarze mets. Cven, albaT, SevTanxmdebodiT, ganxilvidan erTpartiuli arCevnebis an erTi kandidatis mqone arCevnebis gamoricxvaze, Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi Cven davakvirdebodiT eleqtoratis erTob gansxvavebul qcevas, da ZiriTadad mxolod erT arCevans – “Tavis Sekaveba”. magram rodesac gansxvaveba cotaa – asaxsnelic didi araferia. im faqtorebs, rac aiZulebs adamianebs miscen xma ama Tu im gziT Sejibrebaze dafuZnebuli kenWisyirs sistemis mqone qveynebSi, ar aqvT aravitari mniSvneloba iseTi arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic tardeba konkurentul safuZvelze.

amgvarad, analizisTvis xmis micemis problemis arCeviT, Cven kvelviTi amocanis formulireba movaxdineT iseT terminebSi, rac miesadageba mxolod qveynebis nawils. SeiZleba TavisTavad es ar mogveCvenos imdenad did naklovanebad, radganac Cveni SerCeva moicavs qveynebis simravles. magrama arsebobs kidev erTi problema, - xmis micemis masalebis mixedviT ufro zogadi xasiaTis daskvnebis miRebis problema. Tuki CavTvliT, rogorc amas bevri mkvlevari akeTebs, rom xmis micemis Sedegebi asaxavs amomrCevlebis mier politikuri sistemis mowonebas an armowonebas an maT mier gansazRvruli kandidatis, partiis an politikisTvis upiratesobas miniWebas, Cven amgavarad arCevnebs ganvixilavT rogorc ufro zogadi cnebis mosaxleobis mier sakuTari politikuri arCevanis gamoxatvis –  sazoms. es ki gamoricxvas imis daSvebas, rom saxelmwifoebs Sejibrebis safuZvelze Catarebuli regularuli arCevnebis gareSe SuZliaT SesTavazon Tavis moqalaqeebs mowonebis, dawunebis an mTavrobis mimarT survilebis gamoxatvis saSualebebi.

aris es ase? iqneb, Cven xelovnurad vzRudavT Cvens kvlevas Sejibrebis safuZvelze Catarebuli arCevnebiT? sxva daskvnebadmde xom ar mivalT, Tu Cveni amocanis formulirebas xelaxla movaxdenT? Tu, magaliTad, Cven daviwyebT kiTxvebis dasmas ufro farTo problemaze – im problemaze, Tu rogor gamoxatavs xalxi Tavis mowonebas, dawunebas an upiratesobas politikis sferoSi, - maSin Cven aRmovaCenT, Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs iseT qveynebSi, sadac ar aris Sejibrebis safuZvelze Catarebuli regularuli arCevnebi, aqvT saSualeba Tavisi arCevani mTavrobamde miitanon sxva saSualebebiT, kerZod ki, iseTiT, rac ufro demokratiul qveynebSi Cveulebriv biuletenis urnaSi CagdebasTan asocirdeba.

magaliTad, xmis micema SeiZleba iyos formaloba, magram moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT monawileobis sxva formebi gacilebiT ufro xelsayrel pirobebSi ganixilon. amgvarad, mravali adamiani, romelic aqtiur rols TamaSobda sabWour sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi (iseTebSi, rogoricaa saxlis komitetebi an profkavSirebis komitetebi) breJnevis epoqaSi, grZnobda, rom maT aqvT gavlena da farTo uflebamosilebebi Tavis organizaciebSi da sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi, Tumca im dros erTaderTi kandidatis “arCevnebi” ufro politikur rituals warmoadgenda. da mravali aqtivisti, romelic monawileobda sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, grZnobda, rom maT saqmianobas aqvs wona da mniSvneloba da cvlis movlenebis ganviTarebas, Tumca isini ar iyvnen kmayofili sistemiT mTlianobaSi.

damatebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maSinac ki Tu arCevnebi komunistur qveynebSi tradiciulad gulisxmobda “arCevanis” SesaZleblobebis Zalian SezRudul raodenobas, amomrCevlebi mainc iyenebdnen mas, raTa “gaexmovanebinaT” Tavisi moTxovnebi mTavrobis saqmianobis mimarT. mgaliTad, ssrk-s amomrCevlebs gaaCndaT ramdenime gza, rom xmis micemis saSualebiT “zewola moexdinaT” adgilobriv xelisuflebaze, maSinac ki, rodesac irCeoda mxolod erTi kandidati. komunisturi partia, rogorc wesi, eloda, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi xmis micemis racSeiZleba maRal procents uzrunvelyofdnen, es ki amomrCevlebs erTgvar berkets aZlevda, raTa moeTxovaT gaumjobesebebi komunalur momsaxurebis sferoSi. zogjer amomrClebi imuqrebodnen xmis micemisgan Tavis SekavebiT, Tuki adgilobrivi xelisufleba ar daakmayofilebda maT moTxovnebs, rac exeboda sacxovrebeli pirobebis, gzebis mdgomareobis, wyalsadenis, kanalizaciis gaumjobesebas. (miuxedavad amisa, maTi yvela moTxovna SeiZleba ar dakmayofilebuliyo, da zogierTi amomrCeveli arasdros ar registrirdeboda, imisTvis, rom arCevnebSi monawieloba ar mieRo).

ufro metic, marTalia socialistur qveyanaSi moqalaqe, SesZloa, ar wyvetda, vis unda emarTa qveynisTvis, mas mainc gaaCnda ramdenime gza rom mTavrobamde mietana Tavisi mosazreba an surivlebi xelisuflebis qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi gzac arsebobda: kiTxviT an saCivriT mimarTva. oficialuri presa yoveldRe aqveyndebda mkiTxveelbis kiTxvebs da winadadebebs saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT, samomxmareblo nawarmis xarisixis sakiTxebiT dawyebuli da garemos dacvisa da atomuri energiis usafrTxoebis skiTxebiT damTavrebuli. macxvoreblebs aseve SeeZloT miemarTaT uSualod saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi sacxovrebeli an sapensio problemebis mogvarebis TxovnebiT. ganxilvisTvis nebadarTuli problemebis raodenoba, ra Tqma unda, SezRuduli iyo; magaliTad, “politikur” saCivrebs umaRles politikur liderebze an partiis rolze seriozuli represiebis gamowveva SeeZlo. da mainc, rogorc ityobinebodnen moqalaqeebi, maT mniSvnelovani mxardaWera miiRes redaqciisgan politikisgan Soris mdgar saarsebo pirobebis sakiTxebSi. zogierT sabWoTa moqalaqes xelisuflebaze zemoqmedebis kidev erTi arxi gaaCnda: saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi xSirad gadiodnen konsultacias specialistebis jgufebTan ama Tu im problemis Taobaze, amasTan, metad dainteresebul pirebs saxelmwifoebriv gadawyvetilebebze zegvlenis moxdenis saSualeba eZelodaT.

aSkaraa, rom aseTi saxis saqmeebSi moqalaqeebis monawileobis sistema Zireulad Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac mixeil gorbaCovma wamoiwyo kampania ufro Ria arCevnebis, moqalaqeebis ufro farTo monawileobis, ufro farTo samoqalaqo uflebebis da sabWoTa kavSiris adgilas 15 axali saxelmwifos warmoqmnis mxardasaWerad. da mainc, samoqalaqo politikaSi arsebobs ramdenime sawinaaRmdego procesi, romelic jer kidev “perespotroikis” droidan aris moyolebuli. moqalaqeebi amjobineben xelisuflebasTan kontaqtis damyarebas, da upirveles yovlisa, saarsebo pirobebis iseT ZiriTad sakiTxebze, rogoricaa, sacxovrebeli. da im adamianTa didi nawili, vinc dRes aqtiurobas iCens axal, araformalur politikur organizaciebSi, aqtivistebi iyvnen “Zvel” sazogadoebriv organizaciebSic. radganac Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT upirveles yovlisa xmis micemis, rogorc demokratiuli mmarTvelobis procesebSi monawiloebis saSualebis Sesaxeb msjelobaze, amitomac mxolod es procesebi ganvixileT. aq mniSvnelovani isaa, rom TiToel qveyanaSi moqalqeebs SeiZleba gaaCndeT xelisuflebis qmedebebis Sesaxeb Tanxmobis an ukmayofilebis gamoxatvis gansxvavebuli saSualebebi. da swored es unda SeviswavloT im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Cvens kvlevas mimvarTavT mxolod eleqtoratis qcevis Seswavlaze Sejibrebis safuZvlelze arsebuli arCevnebis mqone qveynebSi.

ganvixiloT sxva magaliTi. SesaZloa Cven movindomebT sxvadasxva qveynebSi sasamarTlo saqmeebis Seswavlas imis gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad asaxaven isini politikur institutebs Soris kavSirebs, ramdenad xSirad xdeba davebi da ra saxisaa sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi. aq, rogorc Cven davinaxavT, Sedarebis procesi aseve garTulebuli iqneba, radganac sazogadoebas SesaZloa konfliqtebisa da sadavo sakiTxebis gadaWris sruliad gansxvavebuli nimuSebi hqondes. zogierT qveyanaSi ZiriTadi aqcenti SeiZleba keTdebodes konfliqtebis mogvarebaze upiratesad adgilobrivi avtoritetebis daxmarebiT, da ara sasamarTloSi, da aseT qveynebs Cven gamovricxavT Cveni analizidan, radganac Cven SeviswavliT swored oficialur sasamarTlo procedurebs. xolo Tuki Cven, rogorc nebismier politologs, gvsurs miviRoT sando daskvnebi, romlebic ar iqneba damokidebuli ama Tu im kulturaze, maSin ise unda movaxdinoT Cveni sawyisi sakvlevi amocanis formulireba, rom is saSualebas gvaZlevdes, gavakeToT iseTi ganzogadoebebi, romlebic scildeba erTi an ramdenime qveynis CarCoebs.

sawyisi kiTxva aseve unda iyos koreqtuli Cvens mier sakvlevi qveyenebis mimarT. magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom Cven vikvlevT qalebis uflebebis problemas aSS-Si, dasavleT evropaSi da dsT-s wevr qveynebSi. TeoriaSi Cven unda davuSvaT, rom postkomunistur qveynebSi ufro metad, vidre sxvagan, mamakacebsa da qalebs aqvT Tanaswori uflebebi muSaobaze, sqesTa Tanasworodbis tradiciuli ideidan gamomdinare. magram, Tuki yuradRebas mxolod muSaobis uflebaze gavamaxvilebT, cxadi gaxdeba, rom situacia kritikulia. postkomunistur qveynebSi qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb diskusiis mimdinareobis dros gairkva, rom mravali qali meurneobis gazRolas amjobinebda, da ara samuSao bazarze samsaxurisTvis brZolas. amgvara, sabolood formulirebuli kiTxva aseT saxes miiRebda: “qalebis uflebebis Sesaxeb ramdeni sadavo sakiTxi dgas politikur dRis wesrigSi TiToeul qveyanaSi?”. Cveni sawyisi kiTxva, Sesabamisad, moiTxovs axal formulirebas im terminebSi, rac miesadageba Cvens mier ganxilul yvela qveyanas.

Cvens mokle ganxilvaSi Cven ar SevxebivarT yvela im kulturul zegavlenas, rasac SeuZlia Tavisi kvali daamCnios sawyis sakvlev davalebas. saxeldobr: Cven aqamde saqme gvqonda mxolod ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis SemTxvevebTan, sadac xelisufleba arsebobs farTo, maRalspecializirebul biurokratiul manqanaSi. gasagebia, rom aseTi saxis institutebis armqone sazogadoebebSi (da swored aseTia mravali ganviTarebadi qveyana), politikuri TviTgamoxatvis, iseve rogorc sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebiT macxovreblebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebi sruliad gansxvavebul formebs iRebs, da amis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia sakvlevi kiTxvebis formulirebis dros. da mainc, rogoric ar unda iyos sakvlevi kiTxva da qveyana, romelsac SeviswavliT, Cven nebismier SemTxvevaSi unda davwmundeT, rom Cveni kvleva ise igeba, rom saSualebas iZleva gavakeToT ganzogadebuli daskvnebi da aseve, adekvaturad jdeba im qveynebis Seswavlis konteqstSi, romlebsac Cven mivmaTavT. Cvens proeqts, arsebiTad, unda SeeZlos “xetiali” da yuradRebis gamaxvileba im sakiTxebze, rac koreqtuli iqneba Cvens saboloo SerCevasTan mimarTebaSi.

ekvivalenturi sazomis Zieba

mas Semdeg rac CvenTvis gansvsazRvreT sakiTxi, romelic SedarebiTi midgomis gamoyenebas uSvebs, Cven unda movZebnoT ekvivalenturi sazomi yvela ganxiluli qveynisTvis. sxva sityvebiT, SedarebiTi kvlev sxvadasxva kulturebSi erTsa da imave cnebas unda zomavdes. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia ori gziT: an yvelgan erTi da igive cvladis gamoyenebiT, an TiToeuli qveynisTvis specifiuri cvladis SerCeviT. aseTi alternativa SeiZleba pirveli SexedviT calsaxa mogveCvenos: radganac, xom araferi ar uzrunvelyofs ekvivalnturobas sxvadasxva qveynebis Seswavlisas, rogorc erTi da igive cvladis gamoyeneba. es marTalia, Tumca, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Cveni “erTiani” cvladi yoveli Cvens mier Seswavlili qveynisTvis erTsa da imaves aRniSnavs.

imisaTvis rom gavigoT, sad imaleba aq sirTule, warmovidginoT, magaliTisTvis, rom Cven miznad davisaxeT SevadaroT sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi umciresobebis uflebebisadmi Semwyanreblobis xarisxi. arsebobs ori midgoma. pirvel rigSi, Cven SegviZlia SevadaroT, ra xarisxiT surT adamianebs sxvadasxva qveynebSi politikuri uflebebis uzrunvelyon gansazRvruli jgufebi, magaliTad, religiuri seqtebi. Tuki SevCerdebiT am gazomvaze, maSin Cven, savaraudod, mivalT daskvnamde, rom calkeuli qveynebis moqalaqeebi ufro Semwynareblebi arian, vidre sxvebi. magram Tuki sakvlev erSi adamianebi metnaklebad mtrulebi arian aseTi jgufisadmi, maSin Cveni gazomva aCvenebs, Tu rogor aRiqvamen am jgufs sxvadasxva qveynebis jgufebi, da ara Semwyanareblobas umciresobebis uflebebisadmi. es niSnavs, rom Semwynareblobis Cveni “igiveobiTi” sazomi araerTnairia gansxvavebul saxelmwifoebSi.

Tumca Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT meore gza. Cven SegviZlia gavigoT, surT Tu ara admianebs im politikuri jgufebis politikuri uflebebis cnoba, romlebic maT saerTod ar moswonT. es dagvexmareba gavakontroloT gansxvavebebi gansxvavebuli jgufebis aRqmaSi sxvadasxva qveynebSi. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi dgeba kidev erTi SekiTxva. zogierT xalxs gansakuTrebiT ar uyvars jgufebi, romlebic a) ufro mravalircxovania da b) ufro gavleniania, vidre sxva qveynebSi, sadac igive jgufi SeiZLeba iyos Zalian mcire da susti. Tu es asea, maSin xarisxi, riTac adamianebs undaT cnon jgufis politikuri uflebebi, SeiZleba asaxavdes im safrTxis xarisxs, rasac jgufi warmoadgens eris umravlesobisTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cveni sazomi SeiZleba asaxavdes ufro moqalaqeebis SiSis, vidre maTi politikuri Semwynareblobis xarisxs. amgvarad, imisaTvis rom Cveni Sedarebebi iyos ufro gavleniani, Cven gvWirdeba sazomi, romelic adekvaturad asaxavs mis ukan mdgar erTsa da imave cnebas, ra qveynebic ar uunda CavrToT Cven Cvens SerCevaSi.

msgavsi problemebi Cndeba yovelTvis, imisda miuxedavad, Tu ra sakiTxs an romel qveyanas ganvixilavT. magaliTad, Cven gvinda SevadaroT socialuri uzrunvelyofis doneebi qveynebSi, romlebic socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze imyofeba. SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom ufro ganviTarebul qveynebSi meti saxsrebi gamoiyofa socialur programebze. da piriqiT, rac ufro dabalganviTarebulia qveyana, miT nakleb saxsrebs gamoyofs igi socialur saWiroebebze. TiTqos, arc ise rTulia davadginoT socialuri uzrunveyofis donis erTgvari sazomi: sakmarisia SevafasoT socialur uzrunvelyofaze gaweuli saxsrebis (pensiebi, daxmareba invalidebs da Ratakebs da a.S.) wili saxelmwifo xarjebis saerTo moculobaSi an warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebi saerTo moculobaSi (rasac erTiani erovnuli produqtiT gavzomavT). am sazomis miRebiT, Cven savaraudod, aRmovaCenT, rom Cveni daSveba sworia: rac ufro ganviTarebulia qveyana, saxsrebis miT meti wili gamoiyofa masSi socialur saWiroebebze.

Tumca aqac Cveni sazomi SeiZleba aRmoCndes miusadagebeli mTeli rigi qveynebisaTvis. misi (sazomis) gansazRriT iseTi formaluri parametrebis terminebSi, rogoricaa samTavrobo daxmareba pensionerebs, invalidebs da gaWirvebulebs, Cven SeiZleba saTanadod ver SevafasoT araformaluri an adgilobrivi organizaciebis monawileobis xarisxi gaWirvebulebisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenaSi iseT qveynebSi, sadac oficilauri socialur programebi an ar arsebobs, an SezRudulia masStabebiT. rodesac dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi fermerebi an Tanasoflelebi aRmouCenen daxmarebas Tavis gaWirvebul naTesavebs an mezoblebs, sakvebis, sacxovreblis da a.S. miwodebiT, isini, arsebiTad, axdenen sazogadoebrivi saxsrebis gadanawilebas im Rrma azriT, romliTac amas akeTeben sociauluri programebi ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebuli sazogadoebebi SeiZleba eyrdnobodes gaWirvebulebisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis gansxvavebul saSualebebs, da sazomi, romelic iTvaliswinebs mxolod daxmarebis oficialur programebs, savsebiT SesZlebelia, rom mkvlevaris Tvalsawieridan gamoricxavdes araoficiaulur, magram sulac aranakleb qmedebebs saxsrebis gadanawilebaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi socialuri uzrunvelyofis Cveni sazomi asaxavs ara imdenad gaWirvebulebze zrunvas, ramdenadac qveyanaSi institucionalizaciis saerTo dones.

orive magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom yvela qveynisTvis erTi sazomis gamoyenebam SeiZleba migviyvanos seriozul Secdomebamde im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cveni cvladebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT ivseba. alternatiuli gadawyvetilebis saxiT Cven TiToeuli Sesaswavli qveynisTvisTvis SegviZlia gamoviyenoT sakuTari, specifiuri cvladi, arCevanis gakeTebiT konkretuli kulturis Sesabamisad. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cven unda davrwmundeT, rom TiToeuli aseTi cvladi asaxavs erTsa da imave sabaziso cnebas. iseve rogorc erTiani da saerTo maCveneblebis SerCevisas, aman SeiZleba wamorSvas sirTuleebi, rameTu ar arsebobs garantiebi, rom Cvens mier SerCeuli cvladebi Tanabaria (ekvivalenturia). amis dasasabuTeblad ganvixiloT politikuri protestis problema. cxadia, rom radganac TiToeul politikur sistemaSi moqmedebs sakuTari wesebi, romlebic aregulirebs cxovrebas, maSin sistemis winaaRmdeg protestic sxvadasxva qveynebSi SeiZleba gansxvavebul formebs iRebdes. maSin rodesac erT qveyanaSi mTavroba nebas rtavs masobrivi demonstraciebs da gansxvavebuli azris arsebobas, meore qveynis mTavroba imavesaTvis sakuTar moqalaqeebs seriozulad sjis, da aiZulebs eZebon Tavisi ukmayofielbis gamoxatvis sxva saSualebebi. ase SeiZleba gvemtkicebina, rom im qveynebSi, sadac gansxvavebuli azris Riad gamoxatva isjeba, adamianebi protests gamoxataven dafaruli saSualebebiT, rasac ganekuTvneba moTxovnebisTvis da xelisuflebis brZanebebisTvis Tavis arideba. sistemiT Tavisi ukmayofilebis sajarod gamoxatvis saSualebas moklebulni, adamianebma SeiZleba mimarTon brZolis iseT saSualebebs, rogoricaa saxelmwifo saxsrebis gaflangva, gadasaxedebis gadaxdisTvis Tavis arideba, biurokratiuli instruqciebis arakeTilsindisierad gamoyeneba. amgvarad, imisaTvis rom SevadaroT antisaxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba gansxvavebul qveynebSi, Cven erT SemTxvevaSi ganvixilavT protestis Ria gamoxatvas, xolo sxvaSi – “TeTri sayeloebis” damnaSaveoba (Tuki davuSvebT, rom Cven SegviZlia amis gazomva). savsebiT damajerebelia, rom orive es cvladi protestis ekvivalenturi sazomia, magram Cven ar gagvaCnia sakmarisi damajerebeli mtkicebuleba amisaTvis. sxva mkvlevari Cvens adgilas, SesaZloa, daiwyebda imis mtkicebas, rom saqmianobis es ori saxe sinamdvileSi asaxavs gansxvavebul  sagnebs: Ria protesti – es kargi barometria Cveni sabaziso cnebisTvis, xolo “TeTri sayeloebis” damnaSaveoba – ara. adamianebs SeuZliaT flangon saxelmwifo saxsrebi, Tavi aaridon gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, borotad gamoiyenon Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba sruliad gansxvavebuli mizezebis gamo, rac sruliad ar aris aucilebeli rom pirdapir iyos dakavSirebuli politikuri sistemiT ukmayofilebasTan an mis winaaRmdeg protestTan. Tuki es asea, maSin Cveni orive sazomi ar aris ekvivalenturi da sxvadasxva qveynebSi Cven saqme gvaqvs sxvadasxva saxis movlenebs. sxva sityvebiT, “TeTri sayeloebis” damnaSaveoba, SesaZloa, ar aris am SemTxvevaSi sando maCvenebeli, imitom rom sruliadac ar asaxavs imas, risi gazomvac Cven gvinda. Sesabamisad, yoveli qveynisaTvis specifiuri cvldebis gamoyeneba gvarTmevs imis garantias, rom Cven voperirebT monacemebiT, romlebic Sedarebadia Cveni SerCevis yvela qveyanaSi.

yovelive es niSnavs, cvladebis SerCevis Cvens win mdgari orive SesaZleblobas, - iqneba es erTi da igive Tu kulturulad ganpirobebuli maCveneblebis gamoyeneba – gaaCnia Tavisi SezRudvebi. arc erT maTgani ar iZleva cvladebis ekvivalenturobis garantias. amasTan, SegviZlia SemogTavazoT am problemis gadaWris ramdenme gza. pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia TiToeuli Sesaswavli qveynis kulturis kargi, safuZvliani codna, rac saSualebas mogvcemda gangvesazRvra misTvis konkretuli sazomis gamoyenebis adekvaturoba. meorec, aucilebelia gamoviyenoT rTuli sazomebi da maCvneblebi. Tuki, magaliTad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT protestis gazomvis ramdenime gansxvavebuli saSualeba, da Tuki maT mivyavarT erTnair Sedegebamde, - Cven SegviZlia garkveuli xarisxiT darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom Cveni gazomvebi sworia. am strategiebis gamoyeneba gvexmareba rom miviRoT ekvivalenturi, an Sedarebadi monacemebi Cvens mier Seswavlili yvela qveynisaTvis.

qveynebis SerCeva kvlevisaTvis

sakvlevi kiTxvis adekvaturobis da gazomvis adekvaturobis problemebis garkvevis Semdeg mkvlevari ejaxeba SerCevis Sedgenis problemas. idealur SemTxvevaSi Cven ar unda agverCia qveynebs Soris: kulturuli ganpirobebulobisgan Cveni Sedegebis dacvis saukeTeso saSualeba xom esaa – SerCevaSi CavrToT yvela qveynis monacemebi, rac ki qveynad arsebobs. magram praqtikaze Cveni SesaZleblobebi gacilebiT ufro mokrZalebulia, radgan CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi monacemebi SezRudulia. Tuki, magaliTad, Cven veyrdnobiT informaciis oficialur wyaroebs, maSin Cven SegvzRudavs is garemoeba, rom mravali qveyana ar aqveynebs an Zalian mcire informacias aqveynebs CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebze. zogierT qveyanaSi politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri monacemebis zusti da drouli publikaciebi jer kidev ZviradRirebuli fufunebaa. da iqac ki, sadac kvlevebi SesaZlebelia, zogierTi Tema sakmaod delikaturia (iseTi, rogoricaa monacemebi politikuri areulobebis Sesaxeb), imisaTvis rom maTi publikacia gamarTlebuli iyos. xolo isini, vinc sakmarisad aqveyneben aseT informacias, xSirad iyeneben sruliad aramsgavs meTodebs monacemebis miRebisTvis da registraciisTvis (angriSvaldebuleba), ris Sedegadac maT mier gamoqveynebuli informacia SeiZleba aRmoCndes gamoudegari kvlevisaTvis. xolo Tuki, meore mxriv, Cven gvinda SevagrovoT Cveni sakuTari monacemebi, magaliTad gamokiTxvis saSualebiT, maSin Segrovebuli informacia iqneba SezRuduli, radgan Rirebuleba SeiZleba sakmaod maRali aRmoCndes.

yvela es SezRudva niSnavs, rom mravali kvleviTi kiTxvis SemTxvevaSi Cven mogviwevs vimuSavoT SerCevasTan, romelic ramdenime ise SerCeuli qveynisgan Sedgeba, rom minimumamde iyos iyos dayvanili SesaZlo damaxinjebebi. arCevani unda gekTdes sakmaod frTxilad, radganac is, SesaZloa, mniSvnelovnad aisaxos Cvens Sedegebze. Cven ufleba gvaqvs avirCioT SedarebiT kvlevebSi miRebuli am ori strategiidan erTi. pirveli, romelsac ewodeba sistemebis maqsimaluri msgavsebis principi, yuradRebas amaxvilebs erTamenTTan msgavs qveynebze im safuZlveze, rom maTTvis saerTo maxasiaTeblebi analizis dros SeiZleba interpretirebul iqnes rogorc konstantebi, da Semdeg ugulebelvyoT isini, imis safuZvelze rom SesaZlo gansxvavebebis mizezebi maTSi ar mdgomareobs. xolo Tuki qveynebi gansxvavdeba raime sxva TvisebebiT, Cven SevZlebT ignorireba gavuwioT erTnair maxasiaTeblebs, rogorc gansxvavebebis amxsnelebs.

imisaTvis rom TvalnaTliv warmovidginoT am principis muSaoba, warmovidgnoT, rom Cven gadavwyviteT SeviswavloT gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi samTavrobo saqmianobis masStabebSi. ratom TamaSobs mTavroba zog qveynebSi ufro did rols ekonomikasa da politikaSi, vidre sxva qveynebSi? aq dasaSvebia gansxvavebuli axsnebi – ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis gansxvavebebiT dawyebuli da politikuri kulturis gansxvavebebiT damTavrebuli. Tumca politikuri kulturis gazomva xSirad rTulia. Sesabamisad, azri aqvs, rom politikuri kultura aviRoT rogorc faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens samTavrobo saqmianobis masStabebs Soris gansxvavebaze, aviRebT ra analizisiTvis qveynebs msgavsi politikuri kulturebiT, rogoric, magaliTad, didi britaneTi da aSS. maSin im gansxvavebebs, rasac Cven aRmovaCenT maTi mTavrobebis qmedebebis masStabebSi, ver mivakuTvnebT politikur-kulturul faqtorebs, radganaces faqtorebi uxeSi miaxloebiT mudmivia mTels Cvens SerCevaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qveynebis SerCeva msgavsi maxasiaTeblebiT niSnavs, rom Cvens mier aRmoCenili gansxvavebebis axsnisas Cvens Tavisuflad SegviZlia gamovricxoT es sawyisi maxasiaTeblebi ganxilvidan.

alternativis saxiT SeiZleba vixelmZRvaneloT aseve diametrulad gansxvavebuli strategiiT, romelic mdgomareobs iseTi qveynebis SerCevaSi, romelTa Soris gansxvavebebis maqsimalurad SesaZlo raodenobaa. es is aris, rasac sistemebis maqsimaluri gansxvavebis principi hqvia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Cven Cveni SerCveis qveynebs Soris vpoulobT raime gansakuTrebul Tvisebas, gansxvavebebi am qveynebs Soris gamoricxeba axsnis dros. magaliTsiTvis moviyvanoT aqamde ganxiluli sakiTxi socialuri uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. SeiZleboda Tu ara SegverCia qveynebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli doniT da politikuri sistemis gansxvavebuli tipiT da, TiToeulisTvis ekvivalenturi sazomis gamoyenebiT, imis dadgena, rom isini socialur uzrunvelyofaSi saxelmwifoebrivi saxsrebis daaxloebiT erTnair wils deben. da radgan asea, maSin, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebebi, rac arsebobs maT Soris, ar axdens gavlenas maT mier gaWirvebulebisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis zomebze. an ganvixiloT kavSiri socialur mdgomareobas, samuSao pirobebsa da individualur Rirsebebs Soris. aSS-Si Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena rom, adamianebi, romlebsac aqvT smUSaos ufro maRali statusi (rac moiTxovs ganaTlebis ufro maRal dones da Sesabamisad karg anazRaurebas), upiratesad afaseben Sromas, romelic saSualebas iZleba gadaiWras rTuli amocanebi, Tavs arideben rutinas da miiswrafian imuSaon damoukideblad, vinmes mmarTvelobis gareSe. amis erTi logikuri axsna mdgomareobs amerikul individualisturi kulturaSi. qveyanaSi, sadac afaseben pirovnebis uflebas da damoukideblobas, avtonomia samuSaos sferoSi waxalisebulia. da es avtonomia SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT Warbobdes profesiuli ierarqiis umaRles safexurebze. da mainc, sxvadasxva qveynebSi SedarebiTi kvlevebis monacemebi saSualebas iZleva eWvqveS davayenoT es kulturologiuri axsna. aseTive kavSiri socialur mdgomareobas, samuSaos pirobebsa da individualur Rirsebebs Soris xom sxva qveynebSic gvxvdeba, iseTebSi, rogoricaa poloneTi da iaponia. amgvarad, socialuri struqturisa da maxasiaTeblebis gavlena samuSaoze ar aris damokidebuli im qveyanaze, romelsac Cven SeviswavliT. iseTi qveynebis SerCeva, romlebic gansxvavdeba parametrebis mTeli rigis mixedviT, saSualeba gvaZlevs ugulebelvyoT gansxvavebebi raime saerTo maxasiaTeblis axsnisas.

am ori strategiidan romels mivaniWoT upiratesoba? pasuxi nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad kargad aris SemuSavebuli Teoria, riTic Cven vxelmZRvanelobT Cvens kvlevaSi. amgvarad, sistmebis maqsimaluri msgavsebis principi ufro gamosadegia maSin, rodesac Cven SegviZlia a) davadginoT yvela ZiriTadi faqtori, ramac SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos Cvens Sedegebze, da agreTve b) ganvsazRvroT qveynebi, romlebSic isini moqmedeben. magram radganac aseT CarCoebSi Cveulebriv sakamod cota qveyana jdeba, gacilebiT ufro advilia, rogorc wesi, vipovoT magaliTebi, romlebic Zlier gansxvavdeba mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani parametrebis mixedviT. da aseT SemTxvevaSi ufro gamosadegia sistemebis maqsimaluri gansxvavebis principi. amas garda, Zlier gansxvavebul qveynebs Soris raime saerTo maxasiaTeblis aRmoCena – sakmaod nakleb mosalodnelia, amitomac, Tuki es xdeba, maSin es dmatebiT zrdis Cveni Sedegebis sandoobas. Sedegad, sistemebis maqsimaluri gansxvavebis principi faqtobrivad saSualebas iZleva ukeT gavakontroloT is faqtorebi, ramac SeiZleba daamaxinjos Sedegebi; amas garda, is Sedegebis met sandoobas uzrunvelyofs.

damoukidebeli dakvirvebebis SerCeva

SerCevis Sedgenisas Cven, Cveulebriv, vxelmZRvanelobT imiT, rom rac ufro met qveyanas CavrTavT masSi, miT meti warmomadgenlobiToba eqneba Cvens Sedegebs. SerCevis didi moculoba did wonas aZlevs gamoyenebul statistukur meTodebs, radganac is zrdis albaTobas, rom SerCeuli jgufi sakmarisad warmomadgens sakvanZo cvladebis mier miRebul mniSvnelobebs. Tumca, es mxolod maSin aris marTali, rodesac TiToeuli dakvirvebis Sedegi damoukidebelia. didi SerCeva inarCunebs Tavis upiratesobebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki romelime erTi qveynis movlenebi ar imyofeboda romelime meore qveynis movlenebis gavlenis qveS. Tuki es movlenebi ar aris damoukidebeli, maSin Cveni Sedegebis ukan sinamdvileSi dgas informaciis ara ori, aramed erTi porcia.

aviRoT magaliTi socialisturi blokis qveynebis istoriidan. rodesac 1953 wels gardaicvala i.stalini, ssrk-Si da mis aRmosavleT evropul satelitebSi msxvili cvlilebebi moxda: am qveynebis umetesobaSi Seicvala xelisufleba da gadaxedil iqna politikuri strategia, romelic adre stalinis mier iyo Tavs moxveuli. jer kidev 1953 wlamde TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi ZiriTadi prioriteti iyo mZime mrewvelobis ganviTareba, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tuki amas Tan mosdevda sacxovrebeli mSeneblobisa da sayofacxovrebo saqonlis warmoebis Semcireba. stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg socialisturi qveynebis umetesobam meti yuradRebis daTmoba daiwyo ubralo moqalaqeebis cxovrebis gaumjobesebisTvis. aqedan SeiZleboda gamogvetana daskvna, rom es cvlilebebi xelmZRvanelobasa da politikaSi bunebrivi progresis nawili an socializmis qveynebis politikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi iyo da rom amgvari cvlilebebi socialistur qveyanaSi kanonzomierad xdeba, maSin rodesac is aRwevs ganviTarebis gansazRvrul dones. aseTi daskvna, erTi SexedviT, mtkicdeba sxvadasxva qveynebis monacemebiT. magram dakvirveba Cvens SerCevaSi ar aris damoukidebeli, radganac sabWoTa blokis qveynebSi rogorc xelisuflebis Secvla, ise politikuri kursis cvlileba inicirebuli, da SesaZloa, dadgmulic ki iyo sabWoTa kavSiris mier. amgvarad, Cveni daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi momxdari cvlilebebi gamowveuli iyo maTi ganviTarebis bunebrivi tendenciiT, araswori aRmoCnda, radganac sinamdvileSi am cvlilebebs hqonda erTi wyaro – erT qveyanaSi, kerZod ssrk-Si momxdari movlenebi.

process, romlis drosac movlenebi romelime erT qveyanaSi gavlenas axdens romelime sxva qveynis cxovrebaze, ewodeba difuzia, xolo SedarebiTi kvlevis Sedegebze misi zemoqmedebis Semowmebam miiRo galtonis problemis saxeli – im mecnieris saxelis mixedviT, romelmac is pirvelad aRwera. es problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven, zogjer Zlier mizezobriv kavSirs vxedavT or cvlads Soris (magaliTad, qveynis mier ganviTarebis gansazRvruli donis miRwevasa da mis xelmZRvanelobasa da politikur kursSi momxdar cvlilebebs Soris) iq, sadac is sinamdvileSi ar arsebobos, - mxolod da mxolod imitom, rom Cveni SerCevis zogierTi qveyana romelime sxva qveynis saerTo zemoqmedebis qveS aris. aseT SemTxvevaSi SerCevis moculobis gazrdas ar aqvs azri, radganac nebismieri damatebiTi dakvirveba realurad ar mogvcems araviTar axal informacias.

sinamdvileSi sakmaod Znelia SevadginoT iseTi SerCeva, romelSic yvela monacemi absoluturad damoukidebeli iqneboda. difuziis garkveuli xarisxsi TiTqmis gardauvalia faqtiurad yvelaferSi, rasac Cven SeviswavliT SedarebiTi analizisi saSualebiT. Tu es asea, saWiroa misi zemoqmedebis Semamsubuqebeli meTodebi. TavisTavad cxadia, rom erTi aseTi meTodi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom SerCevaSi gamovavlinoT erTi qveynis meoreze zemoqmedebis yvela aSkara niSani, ris Semdegac gamovricxoT is analizidan. meore saSualeba mdgomareobs sistemebis maqsimaluri gansxvavebis principis gamoyenebaSi, rodesac irCeva qveynebi, romlebic gansxvavdeba maCveneblebis rac SeiZleba meti raodenobiT, da aseve dakvirvebebi, romlebic drosi sxvadasxva periodebs miekuTvneba. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom difuziis zemoqmedeba sustdeba drosTan da manZilTan erTad, maSin aseTi strategia zrdis imis Sansebs, rom Cveni SerCevis monacemebi damoukidebeli iyos.

masalis SerCeva

zeviT ganxiluli sakiTxebidan TiToeuli Seesabameba SedarebiTi kvlevis erT-erT etaps – kvleviTi amocanis koreqtuli formulirebidan adekvaturi sazomis arCevamde da SerCevis Sedgenamde. saboloo (yovel SemTxvevaSi TeoriaSi) etapi mdgomareobs faqtobrivi masalis SerCevaSi (aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom praqtikaze etapebma SeiZleba adgilebi Seicvalos). monacemebis SerCeva, rasakvirvelia, damokidebuli iqneba Cvens mier Sesaswavlad SerCeul Temaze, qveyanaze da drois periodze. aq SesaZleblobebis imdenad farTo speqtri iSleba, rom Cven mxolod politologiuri monacemebis yvelaze cnobili wyaroebis miTiTebiT SemovifarglebiT. ufro specialuri cnobebis miReba SeiZleba kvlevebSi, romlebic eZRvneba kerZo sakiTxebsa da calkeul qveynebs. imisaTvis rom movniSnoT ramdenime SesaZlo varianti, mivmarToT magaliTebis or saxeobas – krebsiT da gamosakiTx monacemebs.

rac Seexeba krebsiT monacemebs, aq yvelaze sruli da mosaxerxebeli wyaroebia cnobarebi, iseTi, rogoricaa benqsis cnobari da teilorisa da joisis cnobari. benqss mohyavs cnobebi 150-ze meti qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri da demografiuli monacemebis Sesaxeb dawyebuli XIX saukunis bolodan, rac grZlevadiani procesebis analizis saSualebas iZleva msoflios praqtikulad nebismier nawilSi. amave dros, masalis aseTi farTo moculoba agreTve saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT krebsiTi monacemebis zogierTi nakli. erT maTgani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mravali qveynisTvis ubralod ar arsebobs uwyveti monacemebi zogierTi mniSvnelovani maCveneblebis (cvladebis) Sesaxeb. benqsi aseT SemTxvevaSi gvaZlevs gaSualoebul an interpolirebul cifrebs, rac gamoiyvaneba arsebuli monacemebidan. aseTi gadawyvetileba sakmaod kanonzomieria, Tumca is eWvs iwvevs im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Cven vapirebT SeviswavloT droSi cvlileba: dakvirvebebis Sedegebis Sefasebisas benqsi amodis sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis daSvebidan, amitomac misi monacemebi gardauvlad iwvevs TandaTanobiTi, wlidan wlamde mimdinare proporciuli cvlilebebis xilvadobas, rac sinamdvileSi SeiZleba ar Seesabamebodes sinamdviles.

benqsis monacemenTan dakavSirebiT kidev sxva kiTxvebic Cndeba, magaliTad Cndeba kiTxva ganxiluli qveynebis ricxvsa da TiToeuli dakvirvebis welsa da sizustes Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb. rac meti qveyana aris CarTuli ganxilvaSi, miT ufro rTulia imis garantireba, rom sxvadasxva qveynebis monacemebi zustad da ekvivalenturad aris gazomili. qveynebis didi raodenobis dros ufro rTulia iseTi sidideebis gansazRvra, rogoric aris, magaliTad, Tavdacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebi, aseve rTulia imaSi darwmuneba, rom TiToeuli qveynis SemTxvevaSi Cven vzomavT erTsa da imave sidides. aq SeiZleba warmoiSvas seriozuli problemebi, rogorc, magaliTad, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis Sedarebis dros. komunisturi orientaciis mqone qveynebSi yvela samxedro danaxarjis biujeturi cifrebi tradiciulad Semcirda, da amitom ar SeiZleba maTze didad dayrdnoba miRebuli monacemebis Semowmebis dros. Tumca benqsi eyrdnoba swored am oficialur cifrebs, rac eWvs iwvevs samxedro danaxarjebis Sedarebis sandoobaze misi cnobaris monacemebis safuZvelze. amgvari saxis SeuTavseblobiT ganmsWvalulia praqtikulad mTeli masala; es niSnavs, rom mocemul cnobarSi cvladebs aqvs erTnairi saxelebi, Tumca aRniSnavs sxvadasxva rameebs.

teilori da joisi ramdenadme ukeT umklavdebian am problemas, radganac maT cnobarSi gaTvaliswinebulia monacemebis gadamowmebis rTuli sistema sxvadasxva wyaroebis mixedviT, rac fiqsirebul wlebSi 100-ze meti qveynis monacemebis ekvivalenturobis garantias iZleva. am cnobars sxva upiratesobebic gaaCnia, kerZod ki masSi moyvanilia: (a) im sxvadasxvaobebis mimoxilva, rac arsebobs monacemebis sxvadasxva tipebSi, da aucilebeli Sesworebebis mimoxilva; (b) im politologiuri Teoriebis mimoxilva, romlebic operirebs cnobarSi moyvanili monacemebiT. cnobaris nakli isaa, rom yuradRebis gamaxvileba monacemebis ekvivalenturobaze gardauvlad aviwrovebs moculobas da cvladebis umetesobisTvis monacemebi moyvanilia mxolod ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. amitom am monacemebis gamoyeneba grZlevadiani procesebis SeswavlisaTvis sakmaod rTulia.

iseTi problemebis Seswavlisas, rogoricaa arCevnebi, partiebi da oficialuri organizaciebi, zogierTi cnobari konkretuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb sasargeblo iqneba da gaaadvilebs SedarebiT kvlevas. qeneT iandis naSromSi gadmocemulia politikuri partiebis SedarebiTi kvlevebis grZelvadiani proeqtis ZiriTadi mdgomareobebis da sakvanZo monacemebi. monacemebi evropaSi mTavrobebis, arCevnebis, mosaxleobisa da socialuri maCveneblebis Sesaxeb mocemulia cnobarebis seriaSi “politikuri faqtebis Sesaxeb”. sxva cnobari moicavs kenWisyrebisa da arCevnebis monacemebs 24 qveynis Sesaxeb. es, rasakvirvelia, mxolod mcire nawilia im informaciis, risi gamoyenebac Cven SegviZlia, magram es wignebi asaxavs yvelaze zogad SezRudvebs, rac warmoiSoba monacemebis SedarebiTi Seswavlis dros. bunebrivia, rom Sedarebas ukeT eqvemdebareba aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis monacemebi, vidre aSS-sa da socialisturi an ganviTarebadi qveynebis monacemebi.

sxva, krebsiTi monacemebis ufro specialuri cnobarebi aseve iwvevs seriozul eWvebs. SeiZleba, magaliTad, gamoviyenoT informacia, romelic ikribeba politikuri da socialuri kvlevebis sauniversitetSoriso konsorciumis (ICPSR – Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research) sxvadasxva mkvlevarebis mier da inaxeba miCiganis universitetSi – es gvixsnida monacemebis Segrovebis amocanisgan. magram, sxvis naSromebze dayrdnobiT, Cven aSkarad vzRudavT sakuTar arCevans im qveynebiT, cvlaebiTa da drois periodebiT, rac arCeuli iyo sxva mklvevarebis mier. am uxerxulobis Tavidan acilebis erTi saSualebaa – davamatoT arasakmarisi monacemebi sxva wyaroebidan, rogoricaa: gaeros yovelwliuri cnobarebidan saerTaSoriso statistikis Sesaxeb an calkeuli qveynebis ofocialuri publikaciebidan. amiT Cven SerCevas sakuTar kontrols davuqvemdebarebT, Tumca imavdoulad Cvens win dgeba ekvivalenturobis problema. saqme isaa, rom sxvadasxva qveynebSi monacemebis daxasiaTebisTvis mcired gansxvavebuli gansazRvrebebi gamoiyeneba, da aseTi monacemebis dayvana saerTo maCvenebelze arc ise advili aris xolme. ufro metic, iseTi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis publikaciebi, rogoric gaeroa, Cveulebriv eyrnoba calkeuli qveynebis moxsenebebs, rac igivenairad zRudavs monacemebis SedarebiTobas. monacemebis Segrovebis da publikaciis dros TiToeul qveyanas SeiZleba amoZravebdes sakuTari miznebi da gamoiyenos sakuTari originaluri meTodebi, romlebic, amasTan, droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba Seicvalos. Tuki davubrundebiT Cvens magaliTs, es niSnavs, rom grafaSi “samxedro danaxarjebi” sxvadasxva qveyanaSi SeiZleba Seyvanili iyos gansxvavebuli saxis Tanxa. es problema gadawydeba mxolod Cvens mier Seswavlil TiToeul qveyanaSi situaciis dawvrilebiTi analiziT.

msgavsi SezRudvebi Cndeba individualuri gamokiTxvis monacemebis gamoyenebis drosac miuxedavad imisa, am dros Cven sxvis informacias veydrnobiT, Tu damoukideblad vagrovebT masalas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Cven, bunebrivia, SezRudulebi varT im cvladebiTa da SerCeviT, rac viRac sxvam ukve aarCia sxva, Cveni problemisgan gansxvavebuli problemebis analizisTvis. meore SemTxvevaSi, erTi mxriv, Cven SegviZlia damoukideblad ganvaxorcieloT cvladebis arCeva da SerCevis Sedgena. magram, - rogorc krebsiTi monacemebis SemTxvevaSi, - rac ufro met qveyanasa da periods vrTavT Cvens SerCevaSi, miT ufro rTulia imis garantireba, rom yoveli maTganisTvis Cven vzomavT erTsa da imaves. sinamdvileSi individualuri gamokiTxvis Catareba ucxo qveyanaSi SeiZleba metismetad rTuli amocana aRmoCndes. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki Cven vflobT aucilebel saSualebebs, da agreTve xelisuflebis mxardaWeras Cveni SerCevis TiToeul qveyanaSi (rac TavisTavad arc ise cxadia), Cvens winaSe mainc dgeba mTeli rigi problemebi.

pirveli Seexeba gamokiTxvis enobrivi ekvivalenturobis uzrunvelyofas, anu Cveni kiTxvebis erTi enidan sxva enebze adekvatur Targmnas. cxadia, rom es ukavSirdeba yvela im enis kargad codnis problemas, ra enebzec saubroben Cveni respondentebi (an kargi Tarjimanis problemas). magram enis kargi codnis pirobebSic kimkvlevars SeiZleba gauCndes gansazRvruli sirTuleebi am enaze zogierTi cnebis adekvaturi gadmocemis mcdelobis dros. ucxo enaSi SeiZleba ubralod ar arsebobdes im ramdenime Cveni kulturisTvis specifiuri warmodgenebisa da termimebis ekvivalentebi. aviRoT, magaliTad, cneba “interesTa jgufebi” (adamianTa jgufi, romelic gaerTianebulia saerTo interesebiT da cdilobs erToblivad zemoqmedeba moaxdinos xelisuflebis politikaze) da cneba “pluralizmi” (politikuri mowyoba, romlis drosac mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli jgufebi TanamSromloben da konkurireben erTmaneTTan xelisuflebaze zemoqmedebis moxdenisTvis brZolaSi). radganac orive es cneba dasavluri demokratiis ganviTarebis produqtia, maTTvis arsebobs ekvivalenturi aRniSvnebi dasavlur-demokratiuli tipis yvela kulturaSi. magram sxva kulturebSi SeiZleba saerTod ar arsebobdes arc erTi am cnebidan, radganac isini pirmSoebia im maRalganviTarebuli politikuri sistemebis specifiuri gamocdilebisa, romlis CarCoebSic Cndeba mosaxleobis formalurad organizebuli jgufebi. msgavsi Seusabamobebis aRmocenis dros saWiro xdeba kiTxvebi xelaxali formulireba, im terminebis gamoyenebiT, rac ekvivalenturi Targmanis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva.

konceptualuri da enobrivi gansxvavebebis garda, kulturebs Soris SeiZleba arsebobdes gansxvavebebi enobrivi urTierTobis Taviseburebebs Soris, rac gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor upasuxebs respondenti. ase, zogierT qveyanaSi respondentebi gamokiTxvas aRiqvamen rogorc TamaSs, sadac maTi roli mdgomareobs TamaSSi ayolaSi an gamomkiTxvelTan daTanxmebaSi, SeiZleba pasuxebis sisworis sazianodac ki. meore SemTxvevaa – rodesac respondentebi metismetad did mniSvnelobas aniWeben xelisuflebis mimarT sakuTari loialurobis gamoxatvas da Sesabamisad iseT pasuxebs iZlevian, ris mosmenasac, rogorc maT hgoniaT, maTgan elian. zogjer ki respondentebi gaurbian sakuTari ama Tu im reaqciis aRiarebas, Tuki isini sruliad gansxvavdeba adgilobrivi wes-Cveulebebisgan. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi kulturis Taviseburebebi iwveven cvilebebs respondentebis pasuxebSi.

iseve rogorc ekvivalenturobis problemis sxva aspeqtebi, es sirTule SeiZleba nawilobriv daZleul iqnes TiToeuli qveynis Taviseburebebis mravalmxrivi analizis saSualebiT, rac gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT faqtorebi, romlebmac SesaZloa gavlena moaxdinos respondentebis pasuxebze. meore gza mdgomareobs imaSi, rom raime problemis Seswavlis dros gamoviyenoT ramdenime gansxvavebuli maCvenebeli. Tuki gamokiTxvis Sedegebi dasabuTdeba faqtebis sxva tipebiTac, maSin es xom gaaZlierebs daskvnebis safuZvlianobas.

am Zalian mokle mimoxilvaSi Cven, ra Tqma unda, ar gvqonda pretenzia CamogveTvala SedarebiT-politologiuri analizis monacemebis yvela wyaro da maTTan dakavSirebuli yvela problema. magram am mimoxolvidan naTelia, rom TiToeul wyaros gaaCnia sakuTari Zlieri da susti mxareebi, romelic aucileblad unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli nebismieri SedarebiTi kvlevis dros.

daskvna

Cven es Tavi daviwyeT imis mtkicebiT, rom SedarebiTi analizi aucilebelia maSin, rodesac Cven miznad visaxavT gavakeToT ganzogadeba, romeli WeSmariti iqneba sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebisTvis an rodesac Cven SeviswavliT sistemuri donis movlenebs. amasTan, SedarebiTi kvleva agebuli unda iyos mTeli rigi wesebis Sesabamisad, rac Seexeba sakvlevi kiTxvis da ekvivalenturi sazomis swor SerCevas, adekvaturi SerCevis agebas, dakvirvebebis damoukidebeli Sedegebis gamoyenebas. ratom vamaxvilebT yuradRebas swored am wesebze? imitom rom isini gvexmareba zustad ganvsazRvroT, konkretulad ras SeviswavliT da risi mieReba SegviZlia kvlevis mimdinareobisas, da amgvarad, es gavlenas axdens Cvens daskvnebze politikuri urTierTobebis sferoSi. Cveni am aJamindeli SezRudulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogorc TeoriaSi, ise informaciis wyaroebSi, ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba yvela im problemis srulyofili gadawyvetis garantireba, rac SeiZleba warmoiSvas SedarebiTi kvlevis mimdinareobisas. da mainc yovelTvis, rodesac Cven viwyebT analizs an misi Sedegebis interpretacias, Cven unda gaviTvaliswinoT TiToeuli zemoTgadmocemuli wesi. rac ufro naTlad vxedvaT SesaZlo xarvezebs, miT ufro metad viqnebiT darwmunebulebi, rom Cveni daskvnebi – socialuri klasebis, mosaxleobis arCevnebSi monawileobis, jandacvis, socialuri protestis da sxv. Sesaxeb – sworia.