რეფერატი მოამზადა აია ბერაიამ
David Silverman. (2004). Interpreting Qualitative Data. Methods for Analysing Talk. Text and
Interaction. (2-nd ed).London. Sage Publications.
Teoria da
meTodebi Tvisebriv kvlevaSi
mecnierebisa
da filosofosebis umetesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom, samwuxarod, is faqtebi,
romlebsac Cven vpoulobT “scenaze”, arasodesaa TavisTavadi, radgan maTze
gavlenas axdens Cveni varaudebi. magaliTad _ prezident kenedis mkvlelobisas
1963 wels
yvelam
viciT, rom aramdgradad an SeiZleba giJadac ki aris miCneuli adamiani, romelsac
manqanis Zravis yovel xmaurze gasrola elandeba. ase rom, Cveni aRwerebi
arasdros aris ubralo cnobebi “movlenebze”, aramed struqturirebulia ise, rom
“normalur” da “dakvirvebul” adamianad warmogvaCinos.
Tqven albaT
ikiTxavT, socialuri mecnierebi xom mainc ufro obieqturebi ariano. bolosdabolos,
maT xom aqvT mecnieruli meTodebi, raTa dakvirvebebi ufro sando gaxadon.
amaze
pasuxia _ kic da arac. rasakvirvelia, socialuri mecnierebi ufro dakvirvebiT
cdiloben, ganasxvavon faqtebi mosazrebebisgan, vidre amas Cven vakeTebT
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (ix. Tavi 8). miuxedavad amisa, mecnierebic ki “faqtebs”
akvirdebian linziT, romelic cnebebisa da Teoriebisgan Sedgeba. sekss mohyavs
magaliTi:
warmoidgineT,
rom anTropologi an sociologi xarT da xedavT viRacis moqmedebas. Tu amis Cawera
gaqvT ganzraxuli, rogor gaakeTebT imis formulirebas, Tu vin gaakeTa es? iqneb
yvelaze konservatiuli formulireba _ am adamianis saxeli _ gamoiyenoT? romeli
kategoriac ar unda airCioT, mas mainc am tipis problema eqneba: ratom airCieT
maincdamainc es kategoria kategoriaTa mTeli im wyebidan, romelic Tanabrad
kargad axasiaTebs mocemul pirovnebas? (1992, I: 467-8).
seksi gvaCvenebs, rom SeuZlebelia,
am problemis gadaWra ubralod “saTanado dros maqsimalurad kargi Canaweris
gakeTebiT da gadawyvetilebis mogvianebiT miRebiT” (I: 468). yvelaferi, rasac
vxedavT, daRdasmulia Cveni varaudebiT. mecnierebaSi am varaudebs Cveulebriv
“Teoriebs” uwodeben. ra aris “Teoriebi”?
martin obraienma (1993) am
SekiTxvaze sapasuxod kaleidoskopis magaliTi moiyvana. is ambobs:
kaleidoskopi…
[aris] bavSvis saTamaSo, romelic Sedgeba milisgan, linzebisa da
naxevradgamWvirvale, feradi, SuSis an plastmasis fragmentebisgan. rodesac mils
daatrialeb da linzaSi Caixedav, dainaxav, rom fskerze arsebuli formebi da
ferebi Seicvleba. rodesac mili trialebs, linzebi erTmaneTs anacvleben da,
Sesabamisad, ferTa da formaTa kombinaciebic icvleba. socialuri Teoria SegviZlia
ganvixiloT, rogorc erTgvari kaleidoskopi _ imis mixedviT Tu romeli Teoriuli
midgomiT SevxedavT, sakvlevi obieqtic icvlis formas. (1993: 10-11)
Teoriis
msgavseba kaleidoskopTan Cans konkretul, Tundac uxeS, magaliTze. warmoidgineT,
rom sxvadasxva specialobebis socialur mecnierTa jgufi akvirdeba xalxs
wveulebaze. sociologma SeiZleba moisurvos mosaubre jgufebis genderul
Semadgenlobaze dakvirveba, lingvisti daakvirdes imas, Tu rogor “Woraoben”
adamianebi; fsiqologma SeiZleba yuradReba miaqcios “martosulebs” da,
sapirispirod, im adamianebs, romlebic kompaniis “suli da guli” arian, geografi
ki SeiZleba dainteresdes imiT, ra gavlenas axdens adamianTa saubarze oTaxis
sivrculi mowyoba.
saqme isaa,
rom arcerTi am dakvirvebaTagan ar aris danarCenebze ufro swori an realuri.
adamianebi aucileblobiT ar ganixilebian TavianTi socialuri maxasiaTeblebis
(rogoricaa genderi) an pirovnuli Tvisebebis (eqstrovertoba an introvertoba)
mixedviT. yvelaferi damokidebulia Tqvens sakvlev kiTxvaze. sakvlevi kiTxvebi ki
gardauvlad aris Teoriulad informirebuli. ase rom, socialuri Teoriebi aucileblad
gvWirdeba, raTa SevexoT yvelaze bazisur sakiTxebsac ki socialur kvlevaSi.
magram
obraienis analogia kaleidoskopTan mets arafers gvaswavlis. Cndeba damatebiTi
kiTxvebic, magaliTad, riTi gansxvavdeba “Teoria” “hipoTezisgan”? rogor unda
ganvaviTaroT an erTi, an meore?
es
SekiTxvebi niSnavs imas, rom metad veRar gadavdeb terminebis axsnas. am TavSi
Cven ganvixilavT modelebs, cnebebs, Teoriebs, hipoTezebs, meTodebs da
meTodologiebs. cxrilSi 1.1 ganvmartav, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba TiToeuli es
termini.
rogorc
cxrilidan Cans, modelebi kidev ufro bazisuria socialuri kvlevisTvis, vidre
Teoriebi. modeli gvTavazobs zogad
CarCos, Tu rogor SevxedoT realobas. erTi
sityviT, modeli gvixsnis, Tu rogoria realoba, ra ZiriTadi elementebisgan
Sedgeba (“ontologia”) da rogoria codnis buneba da mniSvneloba
(“epistemologia”). am azriT, modelebi uaxlovdeba imas, rasac “paradigmebs”
uwodeben (ix. guba da linkolni, 1994).
socialur
kvlevaSi aseTi modelebis magaliTebia funqcionalizmi (Seiswavlis socialuri
institutebis funqciebs), biheviorizmi (gansazRvravs qcevebs “stimulisa” da
“reaqciis” terminebSi), simboluri interaqcionizmi (yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze,
Tu rogor axlavs interpersonalur urTierTobebs Tan simboluri mniSvnelobebi) da
eTnomeTodologia (akvirdeba mowesrigebuli socialuri interaqciis warmoSobas
adamianTa yoveldRiurobaSi). am modelebs mogvianebiT mivubrundebi meore TavSi da
ganvixilav maT gabriumsa da holstainze (1997) dayrdnobiT.
cxrili
1.1 ZiriTadi terminebi kvlevaSi
|
termini
|
mniSvneloba
|
gamoyeneba
|
|
modeli
|
Zogadi
CarCo realobis dasanaxad (mag. biheviorizmi,
feminizmi)
|
sasargeblooba
|
|
cneba
|
mocemuli modelidan
warmoSobili idea (mag. “stimuli-reaqcia”, “CaxSoba”)
|
sasargeblooba
|
|
Teoria
|
cnebebis krebuli, romelic
gamoiyeneba raime fenomenis gansasazRvrad an/da
asaxsnelad
|
sasargeblooba
|
|
hipoTeza
|
Sesamowmebeli varaudi
|
siswore
|
|
meTodologia
|
zogadi midgoma sakvlevi
Temebis SeswavlisTvis
|
sasargeblooba
|
|
meTodi
|
kvlevis specifiuri xerxi
|
SeuZlia Seavsos
Teoria, hipoTeza da
meTodologia
|
cneba aris romelime modelidan
warmoSobili specifiuri idea. cnebis magaliTebia “socialuri funqcia” (warmoiSva
funqcionalizmisgan), “stimuli-reaqcia” (biheviorizmi), “situaciis gansazRvra”
(interaqcionizmi) da “interpretaciis dokumenturi meTodi” (eTnomeTodologia).
cneba gvTavazobs samyaros iseT xedvas, rac Zireulia sakvlevi problemis
gansazRvrisTvis.
Teoria alagebs cnebebs, raTa
gansazRvros an axsnas raime fenomeni. strausi da korbini weren: “Teoria Sedgeba
logikuri kavSirebisgan, romelic warmoiSoba cnebebsa da cnebaTa krebulebs Soris”
(1994: 278). Teoriis gareSe socialuri mecniereba uZluri iqneba, gaigos iseTi
fenomenebi rogoricaa “genderi”, “pirovneba”, “saubari” an “sivrce”. es niSnavs
imas, rom Teoriis gareSe arc araferia sakvlevi.
ase rom, Teoria gvimzadebs
safuZvels samyaros aRqmisTvis, Tumca TviTon gancalkevebulia am samyarosgan.
Teoria gvawvdis:
• CarCos, raTa
kritikulad SevicnoT fenomeni
• safuZvels imis gasagebad, Tu rogor unda movaxdinoT
CvenTvis ucnobis organizeba (gabriumi, piradi mimowera).
Teoria
gvawvdis informacias imaze, Tu ra aris amJamad ucnobi da amgvarad gvibiZgebs
kvlevisken. Teoria, rogorc cocxali organizmi, TviTonac viTardeba da icvleba
kargi kvlevebis Sedegad. modelebi, cnebebi da Teoriebi aris srulqmnili im
azriT, rom gvaswavlis, SevxedoT fenomenebs garkveuli wesebiT. es niSnavs imas,
rom isini arasodes iqneba srulebiT uaryofili da yovelTvis met-naklebad
sasargeblod iqneba miCneuli.
es
ukanaskneli Tviseba ganasxvavebs Teorias hipoTezisgan. Teoriisgan
gansxvavebiT, hipoTeza kvlevaSi mowmdeba. hipoTezis magaliTebi:
• rogor
miviRebT rCevas, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor mogvcemen
mas.
•
damokidebuleba aralegaluri narkotikis mimarT damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ras iswavlis adamiani sxvebisgan.
• xmis micema kavSiris arCevnebSi damokidebulia imaze,
Tu ra arasamsamxurebrivi urTierTobebi
aqvT erTmaneTSi kavSiris wevrebs.
umetesi
Tvisebrivi kvlevebis dasawyisSi ar gamoiyeneba xolme hipoTeza, Tumca kvlevis
sawyis etapebze is mainc gvWirdeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT,
hipoTeza SeiZleba da unda iqnes Semowmebuli. maSasadame, Cven vafasebT mis
siswores.
meTodologia
aRniSnavs im Cvens arCevans sakiTxis Sesaswavlad, monacemebis Segrovebis
meTodebs, monacemTa analizis formebs da a.S. ase rom, is Tu ra meTodologias
avirCevT, gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor SeviswavliT fenomens. socialur kvlevebSi
es termini SeiZleba gamoyenebodes farTo (mag. Tvisebrivi an raodenobrivi) an
viwro (mag. ??? an saubris analizi) mniSvnelobiT. Teoriis msgavsad, meTodologia
ar SeiZleba iyos swori an araswori, aramed mxolod met-naklebad sasargeblo.
dabolos, meTodi
aris kvlevis specifiuri xerxi. es xerxebi aris mravalgvari _ moicavs
raodenobriv meTodebs, rogoricaa statiskuri korelacia; aseve, dakvirvebas,
interviurebas da audioCanaweris gakeTebas. am SemTxvevaSic, TavisTavad meTodi
ar SeiZleba iyos swori an araswori. misi sasargeblooba damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ramdenad Seesabameba is gamoyenebul Teoriebsa da meTodologiebs; hipoTezebs,
romlebic unda Semowmdes an/da sakvlev Temas, romelic gvaqvs arCeuli. ase,
magaliTad, bihevioristebi xSirad raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebas
amjobineben, interaqcionistebs ki monacemebis Segroveba dakvirvebis meTodiT
urCevniaT.
axla,
rodesac ganvmarteT bazisuri cnebebi, SegviZlia gadavideT ufro praqtikul
sakiTxebze, visaubroT imaze, Tu rogor iqmneba sakvlevi problema modelebisa da
Teoriebis gamoyenebiT.
1.1 sakvlevi problemis Seqmna
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
mqonda saSualeba, davkvirvebodi kvlevebs, Catarebuls rogorc studentebis, ise
diplomirebuli specialistebis mier, da amis safuZvelze, SemiZlia ganvacxado rom,
damwyebi mkvlevrebi, rogorc wesi, uSveben or ZiriTad Secdomas. jer erTi, maT
uWirT ganasxvavon sakvlevi problemebi im problemebisgan, romlebic Cveulebriv
ganixileba Cven irgvliv. am ukanasknelT momavalSi movixsenieb, rogorc “socialur
problemebs” _ es aris cxare politikuri debatebisa da gazeTebis yuradRebis
sagani. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri problemebi, magaliTad, umuSevroba,
usaxlkarooba da rasizmi, mniSvnelovania, es TavisTavad ver iqneba sakvlevi
Tema.
aRniSnuli
meore Secdoma xSirad pirvels ukavSirdeba. es xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevrebi
uSvelebel, Zalian did sakvlev Temas irCeven. mniSvnelovania, gavigoT
usaxlkaroobis mizezebi, magram am problemis Seswavlas SeuZlebelia, eyos erTi
mkvlevris SezRuduli dro da resursebi. ufro metic, aseTi problemis SemTxvevaSi,
rogorc wesi, SeuZlebelia misi siRrmiseuli Seswavla.
me veubnebi
Cems studentebs, rom maTi mizani unda iyos, Tqvan “bevri cotaze”. es Tavidan
agvaridebs cdunebas, vTqvaT “cota bevrze”. es ukanaskneli namdvilad “xaltura”
iqneboda. swored imis gamo, rom problema aseTi farTo da mravalmxrivia,
mkvlevars SeuZlia gadaxtes erTi aspeqtidan meoreze, ise rom Tavi aaridos
analizis yvela nawilis daxvewasa da Semowmebas (ix. silvermeni, 2000: 61-74).
mocemuli
Tavis am nawilSi yuradRebas gavamaxvileb pirvel problemaze, anu sakvlev Temebad
socialuri problemebis arCevis tendenciaze. vecdebi, SemogTavazoT am problemis
gadaWris gzebi da girCioT, Tu rogor moaxdinoT problemis daviwroeba.
1.1.1 ra
aris problema?
sakmarisia, gadaSaloT
gazeTi an uyuroT axal ambebs rom TqvenTvis cnobili gaxdes uamravi socialuri
problema. 90-ianebis Sua wlebSi britanuli media waleka informaciam
arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulze _ manqanebis qurdobidan dawyebuli moxucebisa Tu sxva
bavSvebis mkvlelobebiT damTavrebuli. iyo agreTve ramdenime istoria SidsiT
dainficirebul eqimebze, romlebmac miuxedavad amisa gaagrZeles TavianTi
saqmianoba da, amgvarad, safrTxe Seuqmnes TavianT pacientebs.
aRniSnul
istoriebs erTi ram aqvs saerTo: orive askvnis, rom arsebobs raRac moraluri
krizisi, Sesabamisad, ojaxebi da skolebi ver axerxeben bavSvebis saTanadod
aRzrdas; eqimebi ki ugulebelyofen TavianT profesiul pasuxismgeblobas. es
istoriebi isea moyolili, rom gvTavazobs gamosavals _ “disciplinis” gaZlierebas
“moralur krizisTan” sabrZolvelad.
magram
sanam “wamals” gamovwerT, manamde zusti “diagnozi” unda davsvaT. marTlac
gaizarda arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis ricxvi Tu skandalebis moyvarulma
Jurnalistebma maincdamainc axla moindomes am ambebis aqtiurad gaSuqeba? an
iqneb, es gazrda imiTaa gamowveuli, rom policias yvelaze xSirad swored am tipis
danaSaulis Sesaxeb atyobineben? sakiTxavia isic, Tu realurad ramdenia
eqimebisgan dainficirebuli pacientebis ricxvi. me mxolod erTi (isic sadao)
SemTxveva vici floridel dentistze. cnobilia sakmaod bevri SemTxveva, roca,
piriqiT, pacientebi ainficireben
eqimebs. an ratom xdeba yuradRebis gamaxvileba maincdamainc Sidsze, maSin rodesac
b hepatiti ufro gadamdebi daavadebaa? iqneb es imitom xdeba, rom Sidsi
“stigmatizebul” jgufebTan asocirdeba?
Tumca
aSkara “socialuri” problemebi ar aris erTaderTi, ramac SeiZleba miipyros
mkvlevris yuradReba. administratorebi da menejerebi xSirad Civian xolme maT
organizaciebSi arsebul “problemebze” da da SeiZleba daxmarebiTvis socialur
mecnierebsac mimarTon.
sakmaod
advilia, mivceT am xalxs neba, Cven magivrad gansazRvron problema _
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac kvlevisTvis didi grantia gamoyofili! miuxedavad
amisa, pirvel rigSi, unda davakvirdeT terminebs, romlebiTac gvixsnian
problemas. bevri menejeri albaT getyviT, rom mis organizaciaSi “komunikaciis”
problemaa. amgvarad, mkvlevris roli am SemTxvevaSi mdgomareobs imis garkvevaSi,
Tu rogor unda gaxdes es komunikacia “ukeTesi”.
samwuxarod,
“komunikaciis problemebze” saubari bevr sirTules warmoSobs. magaliTad, aman
SeiZleba yuradReba gadaitanos komunikaciis im “unarebisgan”, romelic gardauvlad
gamoiyeneba interaqciisas. aman aseve SeiZleba migviyvanos daskvnamde, rom
yvela problemis gadaWra SeiZleba ukeTesad mosmeniT da yuradReba ar miaqcios
Zalauflebriv mimarTebebs, romelic figurirebs komunkaciis ama Tu im nawilSi.
aseTma mimarTebebma SeiZleba “organizaciuli efeqtianobis” daxasiaTebac Zalian
problematuri gaxados. ase rom,
“administraciuli” problemebi iseve arasandoa, rogorc “socialuri” problemebi.
ra Tqma
unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom sazogadoebaSi realuri problemebi ar arsebobs.
Tumca, Tundac SevTanxmdeT imaze, Tu ra aris problema, ar aris naTeli, gamodgeba
Tu ara is sakvlev Temad.
davubrundebi
SidsiT dainficirebuli xalxis problemas. am problemebis nawils sajaros xdis
dainficirebul adamianTa jgufebis organizebuli aqtivobebi. socialur mkvlevrebs
SeuZliaT gamoiyenon TavianTi specialobis konkretuli Teoriuli da meTodologiuri
unarebi. ekonomistebs SeuZliaT gamoikvlion, Tu yvelaze efeqturad rogor SeiZleba
iqnes gamoyenebuli jandacvis SezRuduli resursebi dasavleTsa Tu mesame samyaroSi
epidemiasTan brZolisTvis. rac SeexebaT sociologebs, gamokiTxvaTa mkvlevrebs
SeuZliaT gaarkvion seqsualuri qcevis formebi, raTa jandacvis muSakebs
gauadvildeT efeqturi ganaTlebis miReba; Tvisebrivi meTodebi ki SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes im mizniT, rom gavigoT, rogor xdeba xalxis informireba
usafrTxo seqsisa Tu Sidsis Sesaxeb.
am
magaliTebidan Cans, rom pirveli biZgs kvlevisken gvaZleven klientebi an sxva
pirebi, visac aqvs problema. magram sxvadasxva specialobis mkvlevrebi sawyis
sakvlev Temas Tavisebur Teoriul da meTodologiur formas aZleven.
ase rom,
Cvens sakvlev Temebs ar unda movaxvioT Tavs “socialuri problemebis”
koncefciebi. paradoqsulad, kvlevis dawyebiT aseTi mkveTri socialuri mecnierebis
perspeqtiviT, Cven mogvianebiT SegveZleba “gamovexmauroT” am socialur
problemebs Zlierad da damajereblad.
1.1.2 absolutisturi xafangi
arsebobs
kidev erTi xafangi, romelic gvxvdeba sakvlevi problemis gansazRvris gzaze. es
“absolutisturi” xafangi warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac ukritikod viRebT Cveni drois
konvenciur sibrZneebs. SemiZlia CamovTvalo oTxi aseTi sibrZne:
• scientizmi
• progresi
• turizmi
• romantizmi.
pirveli ori
umTavresad raodenobriv socialur mkvlevrebs ukavSirdeba; bolo ori ki problemaa
Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebisTvis. ganvixilav TiToeul maTgans.
scientizmi
es
gulisxmobs ukritikod miRebas im azrisa, rom “mecniereba” aris metad
gancalkevebuli da, aseve, aRmatebuli “sazogadoebriv azrze”. magaliTisTvis,
raodenobrivma mkvlevarma SeiZleba Seiswavlos kavSiri organizaciis
“efeqtianobasa” da misi menejmentis “struqturas” Soris. amis mizani SeiZleba
iyos is, rom miviRoT ufro sando da swori suraTi, vidre gvaqvs sazogadoebrivi
azris SemTxvevaSi.
magram,
saqme isaa, rom efeqtianoba da menejmentis struqtura ar SeiZleba gancalkevebuli
iyos imisgan, Tu ras akeTeben am organizaciis wevrebi. ase rom, efeqtianoba da
struqtura ar aris mdgradi, aramed ganisazRvreba da icvleba sxvadasxva
organizaciul konteqstebSi (mag. Sida Sexvedrebi, molaparakebebi Sromis
menejmentze, presrelizebi da a.S.). amas garda, TviT mkvlevrebic ver ascdebian
im codnis gamoyenebas, romelic miRebuli aqvT sazogadoebrivi azrisgan, rodesac
Seecdebian am “cvladebis” gansazRvrasa da gazomvas. (ix. seqcia 2.2).
es ar
niSnavs imas, rom mecnierebasa da sazogadoebriv azrs Soris gansxvaveba ar aris.
ra Tqma unda, socialurma mecnierebam unda Seiswavlos sazogadoebrivi azris
ganviTareba, risi gakeTebac TviT am sazogadoebriv azrs ar ZaluZs. Tumca amis
gakeTebisas igi mainc eyrdnoba sazogadoebrivi azridan miRebul codnas.
scientizmis Secdoma isaa, rom mecnierebas sruliad ganacalkevebs sazogadoebrivi
azrisgan.
progresi
mecxramete
saukuneSi mecnierebs sjerodaT, rom maT SeeZloT epovnaT istoriuli progresisken
mimavali gza (amis magaliTebia Carlz darvinis “saxeobaTa evolucia” da karl
marqsis rwmena “regresuli” ekonomikuri sistemebis aRsasrulze). es rwmena,
garkveuli cvlilebebiT, SenarCunda ori msoflio omis Semdegac, meoce saukuneSi.
progresis
ukritiko rwmena arasasurveli bazaa mecnieruli kvlevisTvis. magaliTad, sakmaod
saxifaToa, socialur progresad miviCnioT is, rom eqimebi ufro metad usmenen
TavianT pacientebs (silvermeni, 1987: Tavi 8), patimarTa Sewyaleba an is, rom
Tavisuflad SegviZlia Cvens seqsualobaze saubari (foko, 1977; 1979; silvermeni,
1997b: Tavi 9). Tu am movlenebs “progresis” niSnebad miviCnevT, SeiZleba
mxedvelobidan gamogvrCes komunikaciis xerxebisa da Zalauflebis axali formebis
sirTule da ormxrivoba.
turizmi
me
mxedvelobaSi myavs turisti, romelic mTel msoflioSi mogzaurobs ucxo kulturebis
sanaxavad. aseTi adamiani SeiZleba zemodan uyurebdes jgufur turebs da TviT
termin “turistsac”, mas mxolod “axlisa” da “gansxvavebulis” naxvis survili
amoZravebs. problemaa is, rom Tvisebrivi mkvlevari SeiZleba Zalian hgavdes
aseTi saxis turists. aseTi mkvlevari kvlevas xSirad iwyebs hipoTezis gareSe da
xarbad ewafeba socialur scenebs axali da gansxvavebuli movlenebis aRmosaCenad.
safrTxe imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am “turistma” mkvlevrebma SeiZleba yuradReba
miaqcion kulturebsa da subkulturebs (an jgufebs) Soris gansxvavebebs, ise rom
mxedvelobidan gamorCeT msgavsebebi im kulturebs Soris, romelsac Seiswavlian da
romelsac ekuTvnian TviTon. rodesac morCebiT “wamyvani” SekiTxvebis dasmas
(romlebic kulturul gansxvavebebs Seexeba) da daakvirdebiT imas, Tu rogor
moqmedeben realurad es adamianebi,
aRmoCndeba, rom aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs bevrad meti hqonia saerTo, vidre
gvegona (ix. raieni da silvermeni, 2000; da seqcia 1.1.3, Cem mier ganxiluli
moermeni, 1974, tailanduri tomis Seswavla).
romantizmi
mecxramete
saukunis “progresis” eris msgavsad, iyo dro, rodesac adamianebi moelodnen, rom
literatura, mxatvroba da musika gamoxatavda xelovanis Sinagan samyaros da
miizidavda sazogadoebis emociebs. am moZraobas erqva “romantizmi”.
rogorc amas
meoTxe TavSi vasabuTeb, zogierT Tanamedrove Tvisebriv gamokvlevaSi metismeti
romantizmic ki SeiniSneba (ix. agreTve gabriumi da holstaini, 1997; atkinsoni
da silvermeni, 1997). es gansakuTrebiT exeba im kvlevebs, romlebSic mkvlevari
cdilobs patiosnad Caiweros zogierTi, rogorc wesi araprivilegirebuli, jgufis
(mag. ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpli qalebi, homoseqsuali mamakacebi, umuSevrebi
da a.S.) “gamocdilebebi”.
romantikuli
midgoma mimzidvelia, magram saxifaTo. man SeiZleba yuradReba ar miaqcios im
faqts, rom gamocdilebas xSirad formas aZlevs raimes warmodgenis kulturuli
formebi. magaliTad, Cven SeiZleba vfiqrobdeT rameze, rom is Zalian piradulia (
“danaSaulis grZnoba”, “pasuxismgebloba”), sinamdvileSi ki is samyaros aRqmis
kulturisgan SeZenili gza iyos. ase rom, arc ise advilia, kvlevis sandoobis
uzrunvelyofa gamocdilebis “auTenturi” warmodgeniT, radgan es “auTenturoba”
kulturiT ganisazRvreba.
am seqcias
davasruleb imaze saubriT, rom sizustis sxvadasxva saxeebma SeiZleba gadawyvitos absolutisturi
xafangebisa da socialuri problemebis sakvlev Temebad arCevis problema.
1.1.3 sizuste da sakvlevi problemebi
rogorc ukve vTqvi,
miuRebelia, rom mkvlevrebma socialur problemebze dayrdnobiT imuSaon. didi Sansia,
problemis amgvari gansazRvrebebi interesTa jgufebs aZlevdes xels. Cemi azriT,
socialur mecnierebas, Tavisi Teoriuli imperativebiT, SeuZlia SemogvTavazos
problemis axleburi xedvebi.
socialuri
mecnierebis sxvadasxva xedvebi gvTavazobs sizustes bevri im sakiTxisTvisac,
romelic ugulebelyofilia maT mier, vinc gansazRvravs socialur Tu administraciul
problemebs. arsebobs sami tipis sizuste:
• istoriuli
• politikuri
• konteqstualuri.
ganvixilav TiToeul maTgans.
istoriuli sizuste
sakvlevi Temis SerCevisas,
rodesac es SesaZlebelia, unda davakvirdeT Sesabamis istoriul cnobebs.
magaliTad, 1950-60-ian wlebSi miCneuli iyo, rom preindustriuli sazogadoebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli “gafarToebuli ojaxi” (erTad mcxovrebi bevri Taoba) Caanacvla
“nuklearulma ojaxma” (mxolod mSoblebi da Svilebi). mkvlevrebs TiTqos
daaviwydaT, rom warsulSi arsebul ufro dabal saSualo sicocxlis xangrZlivobas
SeeZlo bunebrivad Seemcirebina gafarToebuli ojaxebis raodenoba.
istoriuli
sizuste SeiZleba dagvexmaros imis gagebaSi, Tu rogor gvmarTaven. meTvramete
saukunemde mosaxleobis umetesoba aRiqmeboda saSiS “brbod”, romelic, roca
saWiroa, Zalis gamoyenebiT unda gakontroldes. axla adamianebi miiCnevian
individebad TavianTi “saWiroebebiTa” da “uflebebiT”, romelic sazogadoebam unda
miiRos da daicvas (ix. foko, 1977). uxeSi Zala SeiZleba iSviaTad iqnes
gamoyenebuli, magram es ar gamoricxavs imas, rom gvakontrolebdnen ufro
mokrZalebuli xerxebiT. gaixseneT, ramdeni informacia SeiZleba inaxebodes Cvenze
eleqtronul monacemTa bazaSi an quCaSi damontaJebuli videokamerebi, romlebic
gviReben. amgvarad, istoriuli sizuste gvTavazobs mraval sakvlev Temas, romlebic
Tavisufalia im azrisgan, rom socialuri problemebis Tanamedrove versiebi
eWvSeutanelia.
politikuri sizuste
sakvlevi
Temebis arCeva mediaSi mimdinare “cxeli” ambebis mixedviT iseTive Secdomaa,
rogorc adminitraciul Tu menejerul interesebze dayrdnoba. orive SemTxvevaSi,
xelidan vuSvebT Sanss, viyoT politikurad zustni _ problemis gansazRvrebis ukan
interesTa jgufebi davinaxoT. yvelafers rom TYvi davaneboT, medias mkiTxvelisa
Tu mayureblis mozidva sWirdeba; administratorebs ki undaT, Candes, rom
efeqtianad muSaoben.
politikuri
sizuste niSnavs mcdelobas, dainaxo politika problemis konkretuli
gansazRvrebebis ukan. Sesabamisad, is gvexmareba imis garkvevaSi, Tu rogor
warmoiSoba socialuri problemebi. magaliTad, barbara nelsoni (1984) daakvirda,
Tu rogor gaxda “Zaladoba bavSvebze” aRiarebuli problema 1960-ianebis bolos. is
aRwers, Tu rogor aitaca niqsonis konservatiulma administraciam eqimis
aRmoCenebi “nacemi bavSvis sindromis” Sesaxeb da daukavSira es socialuri
problema mSoblebis “Tavnebobas” da ara socialuri programebis marcxs. politikuri
sizuste ar niSnavs, TiTqos socialuri mecnierebi amtkicebdnen, rom sazogadoebaSi
“realuri” problemebi ar aris. piriqiT, es niSnavs imas, rom socialur
mecnierebas SeuZlia mniSvnelovani Rvawli daidos sazogadoebis winaSe imiT, rom
eWvqveS daayenos problemis “oficialuri” gansazRvrebebi. Tumca, simarTle rom
iTqvas, xSirad socialur mecnierebs grantis misaRebad uwevT, miiRon es gansazRvrebebic.
konteqstualuri sizuste
es aris
yvelaze Znelad asaxsneli da yvelaze sadao kategoria mocemul siaSi.
“konteqstualur” sizusteSi vgulisxmob imas, rom iseTi institutebi, rogoricaa
“ojaxi”, “tomi” an “mecniereba” sxvadasxva konteqstSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas
iRebs. konteqstualuri sizustis mniSvneloba Zalian kargad gamovlinda moermenis
(1974) mier tailanduri lus tomis SeswavlaSi. moermeni muSaobas Seudga
anTropologisTvis damaxasiaTebeli surviliT, moaxdinos adamianebis klasifikacia.
Sesabamisad am survilisa, is tomis wevrebs usvamda msgavs SekiTxvebs: “rogor
xvdebiT, rom adamiani Tqveni tomis wevria?”
is wers,
rom misma respondentebma maleve moamarages mTeli siiT im Tvisebebisa, romlebic
axasiaTebda maT toms da ganarCevda mezoblebisgan. am dros moermeni mixvda, rom
es sia usasrulo iqneboda. iqneb, am xalxis gasacnobad ar iyo sakmarisi maTi
abstraqtuli maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena?
ase rom,
moermeni aRar kiTxulobda, “vin arian lus tomelebi?” yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Cven
xSirad ar movixseniebT xolme Cvens Tavs dasavluri kulturis warmomadgenlebad;
igive xdeba lus tomis SemTxvevaSic. ase rom, moermenma daiwyo tomis yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis Seswavla.
am
SemTxvevaSi, Seswavlis sagani aRar aris is, Tu ras warmoadgens lus tomi
arsobrivad, aramed, is Tu ra viTarebebi ayalibebs eTnikur identifikacias am
tailandur soflebSi. sainteresoa moermenis daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom Tu sakiTxs
ase SevxedavT, maSin TvalsaCino gansxvavebebi Cvensa da lus toms Soris
sagrZnoblad mcirdeba. mxolod eTnocentruli dasavleTeli Tu daiwyebda sapirispiros
mtkicebas, turistiviT, romelic eZebs gansxvavebul sanaxaobebs. moermenis
kvlevis ganxilva grZeldeba seqciaSi 4.1.
konteqstualuri
sizuste ara mxolod iseTi didi koleqtivebis mimarT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli,
rogoric tomia. socialuri problemis midgomiT arasakmarisad aris Seswavlili sxva
stabiluri socialuri institutebi (mag. ojaxi) da identobebic (genderi,
eTnikuroba da a.S.).
magaliTad,
sxvadasxva komentatorebi xSirad acxadeben, “ojaxs safrTxe emuqreba”. sad unda
vipovoT ojaxis es erTiani, ualternativo forma, romelic nagulisxmevia am
komentarSi? ojaxs xom sxvadasxva konteqsti aqvs saxlSi, sasamarTloSi an Tundac
supermarketSi (ix. seqcia 3.5)? mkvlevarma upirobod ar unda miiRos aseTi
gancxadebebi; man unda gamoiyenos sami saxis sizuste, raTa gaigos, Tu ra xdeba
sinamdvileSi socialur samyaroSi. rogorc moermeni gvaCvenebs, adamianTa
moqmedeba da gamocdileba gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans.
am sami
saxis sizuste gvTavazobs gansxvavebul, zogjer urTierTsawinaaRmdego, gzebs sakvlevi
Temis Sesaqmnelad. amitom me ar vambob, rom yvela maTgani erTdroulad unda iqnes
gamoyenebuli, magram Tu ar viqnebiT zustni garkveuli sakiTxebis mimarT, isev da
isev aRmovCndebiT im safrTxis winaSe, rom Cveni sakvlevi Tema “socialurma
problemam” gansazRvros.
1.2 Tvisebrivi meTodebis saxeobebi
Tvisebrivi
mkvlevrebi iyeneben am oTx ZiriTad meTods:
• dakvirveba
• teqstebisa da dokumentebis analizi
• interviu
• Cawera.
es meTodebi
xSirad kombinirebulad gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, xSirad xdeba dakvirvebisa da interviuirebis
kombinireba. ufro metic, es meTodebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes ara marto
Tvisebriv, aramed raodenobriv kvlevebSic. rogorc cxrilidan 1.2 Cans,
meTodologiis buneba gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba TiToeuli meTodi.
cxrili 1.2
kidev erTxel usvams xazs imas, rac ukve iyo aRniSnuli cxrilSi 1.1: meTodi aris
xerxi, romelic specifiur mniSvnelobas iZens im meTodologiis mixedviT, romelSic
gamoiyeneba.
raodenobriv
kvlevebSi dakvirveba, Cveulebriv, ar aris miCneuli mniSvnelovan meTodad
monacemebis Sesagroveblad _ did SerCevaze dakvirvebis warmoeba metad Znelia.
garda amisa, raodenobrivi mkvlevrebis azriT, dakvirveba ar aris “sando” meTodi,
radgan sxvadasxva damkvirvebels SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairi aRqma hqondes. mokled,
raodenobrivi mkvlevrebi am meTods iSviaTad iyeneben, isic mxolod kvlevis
mosamzadebel an “samZiebro” etapze.
cxrili
1.2 oTxi meTodis gamoyenebis gzebi
|
meTodi raodenobrivi kvleva Tvisebrivi kvleva
|
|
dakvirveba mosamzadebeli samuSao, mag. fundamenturi mniSvneloba
kiTxvaris Seqmnamde aqvs sxva kulturis
gasagebad
teqsturi kontent-analizi, anu Tvla monawileTa kategoriebis
analizi mkvlevrebis kategoriebiT gageba
interviu gamokiTxviT kvleva: Ria kiTxvebi patara
konkretulpasuxiani
kiTxvebi SerCevebs
sxvadasxva SerCevebs
audio- da gamoiyeneba iSviaTad, intervius gamoiyeneba monawileebis
videoCawera sizustis Sesamowmeblad saubarsa da sxeulis
moZraobebze dasakvirveblad
|
Tvisebrivi kvlevebisTvis
ki, piriqiT, dakvirvebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. dakvirvebis meTodi xSirad
gamoiyeneboda sxva kulturis gasagebad dawyebuli adreuli anTropologebiT,
romlebic pionerebi iyvnen aradasavluri sazogadoebebis Seswavlis saqmeSi
(malinovski, 1922; redklif-brauni, 1948) da gagrZelebuli Cikagoeli sociologebiT
meore msoflio omis win (Tomasi da znanieki, 1927) (ix. seqcia 3.1.1).
aseTive
kontrasti Cans teqstebTan da dokumentebTan damokidebulebaSic. raodenobrivi
mkvlevrebi cdiloben masalis ise gaanalizebas, rom informacia miiRon did SerCevaze. maTi favoriti meTodi
“kontent-analizia” _ mkvlevrebi qmnian kategoriebis wyebas da Semdeg iTvlian
teqstSi im magaliTebs, romlebic Sedis am kategoriebSi. aucilebeli moTxovnaa, rom es kategoriebi iyos
sakmarisad zusti, ise rom erTi da imave masalis Seswavlisas yvela mkvlevari
erTsa da imave Sedegamde mivides (ix. berelsoni, 1952).
Tvisebriv
kvlevebSi, rogorc wesi, teqstebisa da dokumentebis mcire raodenobas aanalizeben
da isic, sul sxva mizeziT. mkvlevris mizania, gaecnos monawileTa kategoriebs da
gaigos, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba es sxvadasxva moqmedebebSi, rogoricaa ambebis
moyola (propi, 1968; seksi, 1974), monacemebis Seqmna (Cikoreli, 1968; gabriumi
da bakholdti, 1982) an “ojaxuri cxovrebis” aRwera (gabriumi, 1992). analizis
sandoobaze naklebad saubroben. samagierod, Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi acxadeben, rom
maT aqvT unari, gamoavlinon is adgilobrivi praqtika, romelic qmnis “saboloo
produqts” (ambebs, monacemebs, aRwerebs).
interviu
farTod gamoiyeneba orive meTodologiaSi. raodenobrivi mkvlevrebi kiTxvariT an
interviuTi mimarTaven xolme populaciis sxvadasxva SerCevebs; amas “gamokiTxviT
kvlevas” uZaxian. Cveulebriv, upiratesoba eniWeba “konkretulpasuxian” (mag.
“ki” an “ara”) SekiTxvebs, radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, advilia cxrilis saxiT
gadmocema; “Ria” kiTxvebis pasuxebs ki dawvrilebiT sWirdeba Cawera.
raodenobrivi mkvlevrebisTvis mTavaria intervius sandooba da SerCevis
warmomadgenliToba (reprezentaciuloba).
moviyvan
erT magaliTs. gamokiTxviT mkvlevrebma gadaxedes TavianT meTodologias, mas
Semdeg, rac britanuli saerTo arCevnebis Sedegebi 1992 wels
Tvisebriv
kvlevebSi sandoobaze met mniSvnelobas “auTenturobas” aniWeben. kvlevis mizani,
Cveulebriv, aris, uzrunvelyos adamianTa gamocdilebis auTenturi gageba; am
miznis miRwevisTvis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad ki Ria kiTxvebi miiCneva.
cxovrebiseuli istoriebis Segrovebisas an unarSezRuduli bavSvis mSoblebis
interviuirebisas (baruxi, 1982), SeiZleba ubralod iTxovon: “momiyeviT Tqveni
ambavi”. Tvisebrivi interviuebi xSirad patara SerCevebze tardeba da
interviuerisa da respondentis urTierTobas ufro politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs,
vidre mecnieruli (mag. finCi, 1984). dabolos, raodenobriv kvlevebSi iSviaTad
gamoiyeneba audio- an videoCanaweri, albaT imitom, rom amis gazomva Tu daTvla rTulia.
amis sapirispirod, Tvisebriv kvlevebSi sul ufro da ufro izrdeba audio- da
videoCanawerebis roli. am Canawerebis gaSifvriT, viRebT “bunebrivi” interaqciis
SesaniSnav magaliTebs.
es
abstraqtuli ganmartebebi ufro konkretuli gaxdeba, Tu moviyvanT Tvisebrivi
kvlevebis magaliTebs, romlebSic gamoyenebulia TiToeuli es meTodi. me visaubreb
kvlevaze, romelic Catarda Sidsis socialuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb, radgan amaze me
TviTon vmuSaobdi da Tan aqtualuri, Tanamedrove Temaa.
1.2.1 dakvirveba
1987 wels
rogorc yvela
dakvirvebisas, mizani aqac iyo pirveladi informaciis Segroveba “bunebrivad
mimdinare” socialur procesebze. pacientebis interviuireba arc gvicdia, radgan
yuradReba maxvildeboda imaze, Tu ras akeTebdnen isini praqtikis mimdinareobisas
da ara imaze, Tu ras fiqrobdnen amis Sesaxeb.
ufrosi eqimis TxovniT,
pacientebi daTanxmdnen konsultaciaze mkvlevris daswrebas. situaciis
delikaturobidan gamomdinare, audioCaweris meTodi ar gamogviyenebia, Tumca xeliT
detalurad viwerdiT yvelafers.
SerCeva mcire iyo (15
mamakaci 37 konsultaciaze) da warmomadgenliTobaze pretenzia arc hqonia.
dakvirvebis meTodebi mcire iyo, ase rom, kvleva iyo ZiriTadad samZiebro.
miuxedavad amisa, Tqven naxavT, rom iyo mcdeloba am kvlevis aRmoCenebi
dagvekavSirebina sxva socialuri kvlevebisTvis eqimisa da pacientis urTierTobis
Sesaxeb. sontagi (1979) aRniSnavs, rom avadmyofoba xSirad gagebulia, rogorc
moraluri an fsiqologiuri metafora. Cveni kvlevis umTavresi aRmoCena iyo is
tvirTi, romelic Tan axlavs SidsiT dainficirebulobas. magaliTad, bevri pacienti
iyenebda maRviZaras, rom RamiT wamlis miReba gaexsenebina. erTma Tqva (p =
pacienti):
p: yvelam
icis, rac gWirs da iseTi grZnobaa, TiTqos Senze raime saSineli saidumlo gaiges.
garda imisa, Tu rogor
aRiqvams sazogadoeba Sidsis infeqcias, saintereso iyo isic, Tu rogor
warudgendnen pacientebi Tavs eqimebs. gamovlinda “Tavis wardgenis” (gofmeni,
1959) oTxi stili:
• mSvidi
rac ar unda SemaSfoTebeli ram eTqva eqims, pacienti mSvidad da
zrdilobianad iRebda amas da ar gamoxatavda mRelvarebas. magaliTad, erT-erTi
pacienti yvela kiTxvas erTi sityviT pasuxobda da erTaderTi, rac ikiTxa, iyo
eqimis saxeli, romelic sxva saavadmyofoSi unda enaxa kanis infeqciasTan
dakavSirebiT. mas xma ar amouRia, rodesac eqimma aRniSna, rom AZT unarCunebda sicocxles.
• mRelvare meore ukiduresoba iyo is, rom pacientebi
misalmebasac ki “mRelvarebis” gamosaxatad iyenebdnen. magaliTi:
eq: rogor
brZandebiT?
p:
uh, sustad var. darwmunebiT verafers getyviT. ar var kargad. ra vici.
• obieqturi
sxva kvlevebSic aris aRniSnuli (ix. baruxi, 1982; ganxilulia seqciaSi
4.8) is, rom jandacvis specialistebi cdiloben Tavi obieqturad warudginon
TavianT eqimebs. erTi aseTi pacienti am praqtikazec ase moiqca:
p:
vfiqrobdi, acikloviris AZT-sTan erTad miReba netropenias xom ar gamoiwvevs
meTqi… (aRwers Tavisi herpesis simptomebs). sainteresoa. me mgoni, ajobebs,
dReSi oTxjer miviRo da ara xuTjer.
• Teatraluri
zogierTi pacienti Tavisi fizikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saubridan
gadadioda socialuri situaciebis aRweraze, radgan saWirod miaCnda, miemarTa iq
myofi auditoriisTvis. magaliTi:
eq: rogor
grZnobT Tavs fizikurad?
p:
kargad. iciT, amas winaT ra SememTxva (yveba eqimze, romelic quCaSi Sexvda da
ar miesalma). TqvensaviT TviTmarqvia eqimia. ar gewyinoT.
[mkvlevars da
student-praqtikants] sxvaTaSoris, me mZime SemTxveva var, ase rom, yuradRebas
nu momaqcevT.
yovelive amasTan dakavSirebiT
aRsaniSnavia sami ram. pirveli, pacientsa da Tavis wardgenis konkretul stils
Soris ar iyo martivi urTierTdamokidebuleba. Tavis wardgenis stilebs yovel
konsultaciaze Tavisi socialuri funqcia hqonda. ase rom, aq mTavaria socialuri
procesebi da ara fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba. meore, me aq mxolod mokle nawyvetebi
momyavs. merve TavSi vnaxavT, rom faqtebis aseTi gamoyeneba warmoSobs eWvebs
Tvisebrivi kvlevebis sizustesa da sisworeze.
mesame, es
aRmoCenebi mxolod kvlevis mcire nawilia. Cven aseve aRmovaCineT, rom
pacientebis umetesobisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo “pozitiurad azrovneba”, eqimebi
sistematurad axdendnen koncentrirebas TavianTi pacientebis “sxeulze” da ara
“gonebaze”. am daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba bolo mocemuli nawyvetidanac, sadac
pacienti cdilobs SeewinaaRmdegos eqims da ar ilaparakos Tavis fizikur
mdgomareobaze. yovelive aman ki warmoSva ramdenime praqtikuli SekiTxva eqimebsa
da konsultantebs Soris Sromis danawilebaze.
1.2.2 teqsturi analizi
kicinjerma da milerma
(1992) Seiswavles kavSiri imas Soris, Tu rogor aSuqebs media Sidsis sakiTxs da
rogor igebs mas sazogadoeba. britanuli televiziis axali ambebis Sesaxeb maT
mier gakeTebuli analizi teqsturi analizis kargi magaliTia.
aq aseve
Cans, Tu rogor cdiloben Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi, Tavi aaridon “socialuri
problemis” xedvidan wamosul kiTxvebs, radgan fenomeni yovelTvis sociumis mier
aris gansazRvruli. kicinjeris da mileris damokidebuleba fenomenis socialuri
gansazRvrebebis mimarT naCvenebia brWyalebiT. isini brWyalebSi svamen sityvebs
“Sidsi”, “afrika”, “realurad”. isini weren:
es Tavi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs sazogadoebasa da mediis rolze Sidsis, afrikisa da rasis
Sesaxeb ideebis SecvlaSi, zemoqmedebasa da CamoyalibebaSi. aq saubari ar aris
imaze, Sidsi afrikaSi warmoiSva Tu ara… Cven ar vexebiT imas, Tu saidan
wamovida virusi “realurad”. Cven SeviswavliT imas, Tu rogor iqmneba da
iwarmoeba pasuxebi am kiTxvebze, rogor warmogvidgens es pasuxebi
“Sidsisa” da “afrikis” agebulebas da ra sociopolitikuri viTarebebi axdens maTze
gavlenas.
(1992: 28)
mkvlevrebi
sami wlis ganmavlobaSi akvirdebodnen satelevizio axal ambebs. erT-erT
gadacemaSi mocemuli iyo mTeli afrikis Sidsis statistika, aCvenes afrikis ruka,
sadac mTel kontinents zemodan ewera sityva “Sidsi” da “sami milioni tanjuli”.
am sami
wlis ganmavlobaSi erTaderTi qveyana, romelic ganirCeoda danarCeni afrikisgan,
iyo samxreT afrikis republika. erT SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom samxreT
afrikis respublika icavda Tavs Sidsis SemoWrisgan Savi afrikidan. samagierod,
SidsiT daavadebuli Savkaniani afrikelebi naCvenebi iyo yvela Seswavlil
sainformacio gamoSvebaSi. garda amisa, epidemiis gavrcelebas ukavSirebdnen “tradiciul
seqsualur Rirebulebebs” an, ufro zogadad, “afrikul kulturas”.
imis
gasagebad, Tu ra gavlenas axdenda media sazogadoebaze, Seiqmna sadiskusio
jgufebi _ sxvadasxva sferoSi dasaqmebuli xalxis (mag. eqTnebi, policielebi,
maswavleblebi), sakiTxSi “maRali CarTulobiT” gamorCeuli xalxis (mag. geebi,
patimrebi) da “dabali CarTulobis” mqone xalxis (mag. pensionrebi, studentebi).
yvela jgufi
skeptikurad iyo ganwyobili satelevizio axali ambebis mimarT, magram amis
miuxedavad iRebdnen im zogad daskvnas, rom Sidsi afrikidan wamovida da iq aris
gavrcelebuli. TeTrkanianebs, rogorc wesi, miaCndaT, rom afrika sqesobrivi gziT
gadamdebi daavadebebis keraa. es emyareboda rwmenas, rom iq seqsualur cxovrebas
adreul asakSi iwyeben da rom es daavadebebi poligamiis meSveobiT vrceldeba.
Tumca,
jgufebis yvela monawile ar iziarebda am azrebs. kicinjeri da mileri miuTiTeben
ramdenime faqtorze, romelic ubiZgebda adamianebs, eWvi SeetanaT mediis
gadmocemebSi. es faqtorebia: piradi kavSiri sando individebTan an
organizaciebTan, romlebic alternatiul informacias awvdidnen, “gantevebis vacad”
yofnis piradi gamocdileba, afrikaSi yofnis piradi gamocdileba da Savkanianoba.
avtorebi
askvnian:
Cveni
kvleva aCvenebs, Tu ra Zala aqvs medias da TeTrkanianTa kulturul warmodgenebs
Sav afrikaze; advilia, daijero, rom afrika Sidsis infeqciis rezervuaria, radgan
“yvelaferi emTxveva”. Jurnalistebi TavianT reportaJebs Sidsisa da afrikis
Sesaxeb am kulturul mosazrebebze ageben. amavdroulad, isini axdenen am
mosazrebebis reproduqcias da legitimacias. (1992: 49)
kicinjerisa
da mileris kvlevas bevrad ufro didi monacemTa baza aqvs, vidre Cems kvlevas erT
samedicino praqtikaze. magram am kvlevebs mainc aqvs saerTo ori ram. pirveli
isaa, rom orive SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevrebi hipoTezis gareSe iwyeben kvlevas. isini,
rogorc es bevr Tvisebriv kvlevaSi xdeba, cdilobdnen kvlevis procesSi miekvliaT
hipoTezisTvis da Semdeg monacemebis analizis dros SeemowmebinaT. meore isaa,
rom orive kvleva Teoriulad warmarTuli iyo im azriT, rom socialuri fenomenebis
mniSvnelobebs monawileebi gansazRvraven. es ori ram axasiaTebs momdevno or
kvlevasac, romlebsac Cven ganvixilavT.
1.2.3 interviu
vezerberni da sxvebi
(1992) aRniSnaven, rom bevri kvlevis mixedviT, arsebobs kavSiri alkoholisa da
narkotikebis moxmarebasa da “riskian” seqsualur qcevas Soris. amis Semdeg
vezerberni da sxvebi acxadeben:
am
kavSiris arseboba damtkicebuli ar aris; faqtebi sapirispiroze miuTiTebs da es
mosazreba ki puritanuli moralis damsaxurebiT warmoiSva. (1992; 119)
am avtorebis kvlevaSi aris
ori postulati, romelic ufro adrindel, ZiriTadad raodenobriv kvlevebSi ar
gvxvdeba:
- ar aris wamoyenebuli varaudi Zlier urTierTdamokidebulebaze
alkoholis gamoyenebasa da “riskian” seqsSi CarTulobas Soris.
- fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi (rogoricaa xasiaTis naklebi an alkoholis
zegavlenis qveS moqceva) miiCneva “riskiani” seqsis praqtikis araadekvatur
axsnad (1992: 122-3).
vezerbernis da sxvebis
kvleva aris proeqt SIGMA-s nawili. es proeqti aris britanuli longituduri kvleva
1000 gei mamakacze. es mkvlevrebi, iseve rogorc sxva Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi,
skeptikurad uyureben qcevis axsnebs, romelTac dahyavs socialuri cxovreba
konkretuli “stimulis” Tu “cvladis” pasuxamde.
Sesabamisad, maT
upiratesoba mianiWes Ria kiTxvebs, raTa gaegoT, Tu ras fiqrobda alkoholis
moxmarebaze maTi SerCeva. magaliTi:
pirveli SekiTxva iyo aseTi: @rogor fiqrobT,
alkoholi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs Tqvens seqsualur cxovrebaSi?@ im
respondentebs, romlebic dadebiTad pasuxobdnen, eZleodaT damatebiTi, detaluri
kiTxvebi. respondentebs aseve eZleodaT kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, odesme Tu
ubiZgaT alkoholma riskiani seqsualuri qcevisken. (1992: 123)
respondentebi aseve
waxalisebulni iyvnen imisTvis, rom TviTon ganesazRvraT cnebebi, magaliTad,
@riskiani seqsi@.
am kvlevis aRmoCenebSi
Cans socialuri qcevis axsnis sirTule. alkoholis efeqti damokidebuli aRmoCnda
@Sexvedris konteqstze da seqsualuri @molaparakebis@ meore mxareze@ (1992: 129).
alkoholi riskiani qcevis mizezad dasaxelda mxolod mcire SemTxvevaSi. umetes
SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebi sakuTar Tavs uwodebdnen
@mTvrals@, ambobdnen, rom seqsualuri aqtivoba maTi cnobieri gadawyvetilebis
Sedegi iyo.
Tumca, avtorebi svamen
kiTxvas, Tu rogor unda gavigoT respondentebis es gancxadebebi, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom adamianebs urCevniaT TavianTi qceva aRweron ise, rom
is warmoCndes socialurad misaRebad:
cnobilia,
rom alkoholis moxmarebaze retrospeqtiuli kiTxvebis dasma SeiZleba iyos
problematuri, rogorc socialurad sasurvelis fenomenis, ise TviTon alkoholis
zegavlenis gamo. (1992; 123)
Cven
vnaxavT meoTxe TavSi, rom es SeniSvna emTxveva intervius meTodze arsebuli
debatebis Temas _ ra aris interviu?
• damokidebulebebisa da qcevebis swori an araswori
warmodgena; Tu
• interviusTvis mniSvnelovania ara sizuste, aramed is,
Tu rogor aris konstruirebuli.
intervius meTodisa
da, Sesabamisad, Tvisebrivi kvlevis upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is
aSkarad ufro @Rrma@ suraTs iZleva, vidre raodenobrivi kvlevebis cvladebze
damyarebuli korelaciebi. Tumca am meTodSivea imis mizezi, rom Tvisebrivi
kvlevisTvis dafinansebis mopoveba ufro Znelia. ra saeWvoc ar unda iyos
raodenobrivi kvlevis daskvnebi, is mainc gvTavazobs TvalsaCino korelaciebs
@cvladebs@ Soris. es korelaciebi ki xSirad pirdapir gamoiyeneba sajaro
politikaSi.
Tvisebriv
kvlevas mainc SeuZlia, monawileTa gansazRvrebebiT Sematos sizuste am
korelaciebs. amas vnaxavT bolo ganxilul kvlevaSi.
1.2.4 audioCanaweri
silvermenis
(1997a) kvleva efuZneba Sidsis konsultaciebis audioCanawerebs britaneTis,
aSS-sa da trinidadis aT samedicino centrSi. yuradRebis centrSia rCeva (is, Tu
rogor aZleven rCevas da isic, Tu rogor iReben mas). rCevis mimarT interesi sami
wyarodan ganviTarda:
1. kvleva nawilobriv
dafinansebuli iyo “inglisuri samedicino
ganaTlebis xelmZRvanelobis” mier. es niSnavda, rom rCevebis analizi
waadgeboda isev janmrTelobis ganviTarebas.
2. proeqtze adreulma muSaobam
ukve gamoavlina ori ZiriTadi “komunikaciis formati”, romelSic mimdinareobda
konsultacia. am “informaciis miwodebisa” da “intervius” formatebis analizma
TavisTavad warmoqmna resursi rCevis micemis gasaanalizeblad (ix. parakila da
silvermeni, 1991).
3. heriTeijma da sefim (1992)
pacientebisa da dedebis SeswavliT aRmoaCines kavSiri rCevis micemis sxvadasxva
formebsa da klientis mier maT aRqmas Soris.
seqciaSi 8.3.2 vaCveneb,
rom rCevis micemisa da miRebis formebi ormocdaaTnairad dajgufda. mokled rom
vTqvaT, piraduli rCevebi, romelsac iZleodnen mas Semdeg, rac gamoikiTxavdnen
klientis konkretul problemas, hpovebda “mniSvnelovan gamoxmaurebas” (mag.
komentari rCevaze an SekiTxva). sapirispirod, rodesac konsultantebi winaswar ar
gamoikiTxavdnen klientis problemas da iZleodnen zogad rCevebs, isini iRebdnen
“umniSvnelo gamoxmaurebas” (mag. “hm”, “diax”, “gasagebia”).
audioCanawerebis meSveobiT
SegveZlo am advilad winaswarmetyvelebad aRmoCenaze metic gagvego. upirveles
yovlisa, Cven gvindoda gagvego konsultantebis qcevis funqciebi _ miT umetes,
rom bevri maTgani aRiarebda, zogadi rCevebis micema ufro araefeqturiao.
amasTanave, vimedovnebdiT, rom Cvens wvlils SevitandiT politikis dagegmvaSi
komunikaciis funqciebis kvleviT konkretul institucionarul konteqstSi.
SevxedoT Sesabamis
monacems (nawyveti 1.1).
nawyveti 1.1
(k = konsultanti; p = pacienti)
1 k: ….rodesac vinmes sinjaven da
2 Sedegebi
uaryofiTia… es, ra Tqma unda
3 idealuria.
Semdeg isini frTxiloben
4 cdiloben Tavidan aicilon safrTxe…
5 p: hm
6 k: dainficirebis safrTxe…. imis Tqma minda,
rom
7 es aris erTaderTi gza, radgan Tu
vinmesTan
8 seriozuli, xangrZlivi urTierToba geqnebaT
9 …ra Tqma unda, prezervativs samudamod ver
10 gamoiyenebT… da maSin mogiwevT
11 raime gadawyvetilebis miReba…. Tu Tqven
12 apirebT ojaxis Seqmnas da ase Semdeg…
13 Tqven ar gendomebaT usafrTxo seqsis
gagrZeleba
14 ….magram rogorc iciT
15 p: hm
16 k: unda…. miiRoT zomebi…
17 da ganagrZoT usafrTxo praqtika… ra Tqma
unda,
18 Tqven gindaT infeqciis prevencia
momavalSi.
19 p: hm
20 k: ….es problema am momentSi
21 gansakuTrebiT aris {asaxelebs qalaqs}
22 Tqven iciT es.
23 p: hm
24 k: …rogorc iciT, arsebobs maRali
25 riskis jgufebi. axla heteroseqsualebic
26 gadasdeben xolme….
27 p: hm
28 k: …ase rom, yvela frTxilad unda iyos….
29 Tu Sedegi dadebiTi iqneba…
30 maSin adamiani namdvilad unda dafiqrdes
31 raRacebze…. SidsiT dainficireba
32 jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom am adamians
33 aucileblad ganuviTardeba TviT Sidsi.
34 …..
35 p: hm
am nawyvetidan SegviZlia gavakeToT sami
daskvna. jer erTi is, rom k rCevas ise iZleva, rom ar ukiTxavs p-sTvis misi
konkretuli problemis Sesaxeb. adgilis simciris gamo ver gaCvenebT Tu ra uZRoda
win am nawyvetSi mocemul saubars, magram mokled getyviT, rom iq saubari
Seexeboda sxva Temas (dadebiTi Sedegis mniSvnelobas) da TviTon p-s ki ar
ekiTxebian, Tu ras fiqrobs amis Sesaxeb, anu rogor Secvlis Tavis qcevas uaryofiTi
Sedegis SemTxvevaSi.
ufro metic,
am nawyvetSi, k-s Semoaqvs axali Temebi (ra unda gakeTdes “seriozuli”
urTierTobis SemTxvevaSi; Sidsis infeqciis gavrceleba qalaqSi), ise rom arc
cdilobs p-s Sexedulebebis gagebas. meore _ rogorc mosalodneli iyo, p k-s
rCevebs mxolod “hm-is” variaciebiT exmaureba. aqedan Cans, rom p usmens, magram
igi ar interesdeba da es “hm” SeiZleba rCevis mimarT pasiur winaaRmdegobasac
niSnavdes (ix. heriTeiji da sefi, 1992). mesame _ k ar axdens Tavisi rCevebis
personalizebas. igi ar iyenebs nacvalsaxels an pacientis saxels, aramed
saubrobs “vinmeze”, “maTze” da “yvelaze”.
aseTi tipis
rCevebi Zalian xSiri iyo Cven mier Seswavlili centrebidan xuTidan samSi. ase
rom, gaCnda kiTxva, ratom iyeneben konsultantebi im formats, romelic
pacientebis mxolod mcired dainteresebas iwvevs. Cveni mizania profesionalebis
samuSaos logikis gageba da ara maTi gakritikeba, amitom unda davinaxoT
aRniSnuli procesis ara marto disfunqciebi, aramed funqciebic. Cvens
kiTxvas nawilobriv xsnis micemuli rCevebis Sinaarsi. miaqcieT yuradReba
nawyvets 1.1 _ konsultanti saubrobs imaze, Tu ras eubneba xolme is pacientebs
konkretuli dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sedegis Semdeg. magram aq pacientma jer
kidev ar icis Tavisi Sedegi, amitom SeuZlia konsultantis naTqvami miiRos ara
rCevad, aramed ubralo informaciad. Semdeg, k erideba Tavisi rCevis
personalizebas; is p-s ki ar eubneba, Tu ra unda gaakeTos, aramed ganusazRvrel
“vinmes”. yvela arsebuli kvleva migviTiTebs, rom qcevis Secvla iSviaTad xdeba
mxolod miwodebuli informaciis safuZvelze. maSin, miT umetes, ratom undaT
konsultantebs, ise “SefuTon” TavianTi rCeva, rom pacienti kidev ufro naklebad
ganewyos mis misaRebad?
amis mizezi
nawilobriv aris amgvari rCevebis disfunqciebi. am konsultanciebis
ganmavlobaSi vxedavT, rom konsultantebi gaurbian personalizebul rCevebs, maSin
roca pacientebi amas mxolod “hm-s” msgavsi minimaluri pasuxebiT exmaurebian.
aSkaraa, rom Tu vinmes piradul rCevas aZlev da is ki “hm-s” garda arafers
ambobs, es problemaa SenTvis; da piriqiT, Tu vinmes ubralod zogad informacias
awvdi, maSin “hm” ukve sakmarisia imisTvis, rom am formatSi gagrZeleba problema
ar iyos. garda amisa, arapersonalizebuli rCeva bevrad moklea.
amgvari
rCevis kidev erTi funqcia is aris, rom is Tavidan icilebs im delikatur
problemebs, romlebic seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvisas SeiZleba warmoiSvas. jer
erTi, konsultanti aqcents akeTebs imaze, rom is amas eubneba “yvelas”, raTa pacients
ar egonos, Cemi piradi cxovrebis mimarT metismet interess iCeneno. meore _ ar
gamoiyeneba, ase vTqvaT, “dakiTxvis” meTodi, Sesabamisad, pacientebs ar uwevT
yoymani TavianTi seqsualuri praqtikis gamxelis Sesaxeb (silvermeni, 1997b: Tavi
4). mesame _ rCevebi, romlebic SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes ubralo informaciad,
aTavisuflebs konsultants im sirTuleebisgan, rac Tan axlavs ucnobi
adamianebisTvis imis Tqmas, Tu rogor unda moawyon TavianTi qcevis yvelaze
intimuri aspeqtebi. dabolos, savaraudoa, rom rCevis micemis amgvari formati
Zalian iSviaTad Tu warmoSobs konfliqtebs. nawyvet 1.1-Sic p-s mxridan aqtiuri
winaaRmdegoba ar SeiniSneba; konsultanti iolad da swrafad gadadis Temidan
Temaze.
ase rom,
Sidsis konsultanciis aRiareba delikatur Temebze saubrad xsnis imas, Tu ratom
aris dominanturi arapersonalizirebuli rCevebi.
ra Tqma
unda, es rCevebi erTnairad funqcionarulia lokalur da institucionarul
konteqstSic. es gamokveTavs “komunikaciis problemebis” ufro farTo struqturaSi
ganxilvis saWiroebas. Cveni kvlevidan SeiZleba daskvnebis gakeTeba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda imoqmedon konsultantebma pacientebis mxridan meti CarTulobis
uzrunvelsayofad. Tumca, organizaciuli cvlilebis gareSe, mxolod calkeuli
komunikaciis xerxebis gamoyenebam SeiZleba moitanos minimalurad dadebiTi, an
uaryofiTi Sedegic ki.
magaliTad,
pacientis CarTulobis waxalisebas dasWirdeba meti sakonsultacio dro. gamocdili
konsultantebi getyvian, rom Tu erT klients Zalian did dros dauTmob, sxvebi
SeiZleba ubralod aRar dagelodon _ da Sesabamisad, ganagrZon TavianTi sarisko
qceva.
monacemebis
gaanalizebis Semdeg mivediT daskvnamde, rom problemis gadasaWrelad unda gakeTdes
ori ram. pirveli _ konsultanti unda ecados, Tavi Seikavos gansakuTrebiT
“delikaturi” da arastabiluri rCevebis micemisgan; amis nacvlad misces pacients
saSualeba, Tavad gamoitanos daskvnebi garkveuli kiTxvebis dasmis meSveobiT.
meore _ unda gamoiyos meti dro, radgan es meTodic da nabij-nabij rCevebis
micemac sakmao dros moiTxovs. am sakiTxebs ufro detalurad ganvixilav mecxre
TavSi.
1.3 daskvnebi
me Sevecade, Sidsis Temis
gamoyenebiT meCvenebina, rogor gamoiyeneba oTxi sxvadasxva meTodi Tvisebriv
kvlevaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom oTxive gvawvdis sxvadasxva saxis monacemebs,
TiToeul maTgans mainc mivyavarT analizisken, romelic cdilobs Tavidan aicilos
socialuri problemis mier Tavsmoxveuli xedva; amas ki axerxebs imiT, rom aZlevs
saSualebas monawileebs, TviTon gansazRvron da daarqvan saxeli TavianT
moqmedebebsa da problemebs.
ori ram
minda SevniSno am oTxi Tvisebrivi meTodis Sesaxeb. pirveli _ rogorc adrec
aRvniSne, es meTodebi ar gamoiyeneba gancalkevebulad. amitomac vcdilobdi
meCvenebina meTodebsa da meTodologiebs Soris arsebuli kavSiri. garda amisa,
aris kidev ufro farTo, socialuri konteqsti, romelSic ganTavsebulia es meTodebi.
uxeS magaliTad gamodgeba is, rom teqstebi damokidebulia presaze, video- an
audioCanawerebi ki _ komunikaciis Tanamedrove teqnologiebze.
aRsaniSnavia
isic, rom dakvirvebisa da intervius meTodebis gamoyeneba mxolod socialuri
mecnierebisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, foko (1977) wers, rom
TanamedroveobaSi patimris dakvirvebebi umniSvnelovanesia cixis reformisas, xolo
intervius meTodi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT kaTolikur aRsarebaze an fsiqoanalitikosis
konsultaciaze. interviu centraluria Zalian bevr Tanamedrove socialur kvlevaSic.
Tundac im ori koleqciidan, romlidanac iqna arCeuli Cveni zemoT aRniSnuli kvlevebic,
cxrametidan ToTxmeti empiriuli kvleva dafuZnebulia interviuze. amis mizezi
SeiZleba meTodologiuri gaTvlebi arc iyos. gaixseneT, Tu ramdeni interviua
media-saSualebebis centraluri (da popularuli) nawili, dawyebuli “Toq-SouebiT”
damTavrebuli “varskvlavuri interviuebiT”. albaT Cven yvelani vcxovrobT
“interviuebis sazogadoebaSi”, sadac interviu aris upirvelesi, rac gvexmareba
Cveni cxovrebis gagebaSi (atkinsoni da silvermeni, 1997).
yovelive es
ki niSnavs imas, rom meTodebi ar unda aRviqvaT ubralo xerxebad. amitomac
aris, rom am wignSi meti yuradReba eqceva monacemTa analizs da ara maTi Segrovebis
meTodebs.
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