Ana

giorgi CxikviSvilma

interviuebi

rogorc I TavSi vamtkicebdiT, sakvlevi Tematika arasdros aRmocendeba “garedan”. viciT Tu ara Cven es, nebismieri sakvlevi Tema aRmocendeba samyaros aRqmis gansakuTrebuli modelebidan an konkretuli “socialuri problemebidan”, romlebic sazogadoebisaTvis amJamad yvelaze metad aqtualuria.

kvlevis Catarebisas da samizne jgufis interviuirebisas aucileblad dausviT Tqvens Tavs Semdegi SekiTxvebi:

· ratom da ra mxrivaa Tqvens mier SerCeuli sakvlevi Tema mniSvnelovani?

· Tqveni Tema da aRmoCenebi ramdenadaa kavSirSi sxva kvlevasTan?

· ratom aris interviuirebis meTodi Tqvens mier SerCeuli TemisaTvis marTebuli?

· Seesatyviseba Tu ara Tqveni nimuSis rekrutirebis zoma da meTodi orives, Tqvens Temasa da models?

· gaakeTeT Tu ara Tqveni interviuebis audio an video Canaweri? rogor CawereT isini (Tuki CawereT)?

· gqondaT Tu ara respondentebis pirispir interviuirebis saWiroeba? ratom ar gamoiyenoT el-fosta?

· gifiqriaT Tu ara fokus-jgufze, sadac respondentebs sTavazoben konkretul Temas an mastimulirebel masalas da Semdeg axaliseben mis ganxilvas jgufSi?

· ra statuss SeusabamebT Tqvens monacemebs? magaliTad, Tqven eZebT obieqtur “faqtebs”, subieqtur “aRqmebs”, Tu mxolod “narativs”?

· ramdenad srulad gaaanalizeT Tqveni monacemebi? magaliTad, mxolod ramdenime nawyveti aRwereT “monaTxrobidan”, Tu mTliani masala daamuSaveT da eZieT is nimuSebi, romlebic Tqvens winaswar varaudebs ar Seesatyviseboda (deviaciuri qeis-analizi)?

am SekiTxvebis gareSe Tqveni kvleva Zalze mwiri iqneba. me mokled Sevecdebi gaCvenoT is gzebi, romelTa gamoyenebiTac zemoxsenebul SekiTxvebs mimarTes socialurma mecnierebma, miaqcies ra gansakuTrebuli yuradReba intervius monacemebis variaciul statuss kvlevis procesis sxvadasxva modelebSi. el-fostiT interviuirebis gansaxilvelad ix. mani da stiuarti (200 w.), xolo fokus-jgufebTan dakavSirebiT ix. blari das xv. (2001 w.).

Tumca amJamad aRniSnul sakiTxebze msurs erTi sasargeblo qeis-kvlevis ilustrireba.

4.1. rodis aris “tomi” (moermani)?

maikl moermani, rogorc anTropologi dainteresebuli iyo imiT, Tu rogor axdens xalxi maTi samyaros kategorizacias. umravlesi anTropologisa da “Cikagos skolis” eTnografTa (ix. III Tavi) msgavsad, man moaxdina adgilobriv informantTa interviuireba. misi mizani gaxldaT imis garkveva, Tu ras niSnavda maTTvis “lud yofna” (tomis saxelwodebaa). amdenad, moermanma tomis wevrebs dauwyo imgvari SekiTxvebis micema, rogoricaa magaliTad: “rogor cnobT Tqveni tomis wevrs?”

igi ityobineba, rom misi respondentebi swrafad daostatdnen maxasiaTeblebis mTeli nusxis mowodebaSi, rasac man “eTnikuri identifikaciis meqanizmebi” uwoda. isini moicavda rwmena-warmodgenebsa da qmedebebs, rasac tomis wevrebi unikalurad Tvlidnen lu xalxisaTvis, magaliTad, maTi vaWrobis stils mezoblebTan. maxasiaTeblebis saboloo nusxa tomis sakmaris aRwerad CaiTvleboda, mezoblebisagan lus gansasxvaveblad, TumcaRa moermani daeWvda Tavisi meTodis marTebulobaSi da dainaxa, rom es xalxi Tavis eTnikur identifikacias yovelTvis ar mimarTavda, rogorc amas dasavlur kulturaSi akeTeben. man daiwyo dakvirvebis meTodiT lus xalxis yoveldRiur situaciebSi kvleva da am meTodma gaamarTla, radgan maSinac ki, roca eTnografebi Cumad da zomieri dakvirvebiT moqmedeben, maTi daswreba TavisTavad mianiSnebs xalxs, rom maT “identobas’ xazi unda gaesvas. amdenad, rogorc damkvirvebeli, aseve xalxic fokusirebulni aRmoCndnen maTTvis relevantur kategorizaciis sqemebze, rogoricaa magaliTad, eTnikuri an naTesaobrivi etiketebi da am gziT, eTnografs saSualeba mieca adgilobrivi prioritetebi ganesxvavebina iq arsebul sakategorio maxasiaTeblebs Soris, rac Seadgenda kidec mkvlevaris amocanas.

moermanis statiaSi eWvqveS dgas SekiTxva – “vin arian lu?”-s aqtualoba, radganac mkvlevaris azriT, es kiTxva arafers iZleva garda zogadi eTnikuri identifikaciisa, raSic axali araferi araa da rac universaluria.

mecnieris mixedviT, mTavaria SekiTxva: “ratom, rogor da rodisaa lu?”. radgan swored am SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemiT Tu SeiZleba lus tomis namdvili Seswavla da maTi gageba.

amdenad, moermanma interviuirebis meTodi gverdze gadado, rogorc misi kvlevis mTavari meTodi da dakvirveba aRiara yvelaze optimalur gzad. man sainteresod aRmoaCina amasTan, rom misi mizezobrivi kategorizaciiT gansxvaveba masa (inglisurad mosaubre dasavlelsa) da lus xalxs Soris mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.

4.2. implikaciebi: interviuirebis monacemTa sami versia

moermanis kvleva xazs usvams debulebas, romlis mixedviTac imgvari idealizirebuli koncefciebi, romlebic miewereba magaliTad, “toms”, romelic garkveulwilad - “konad” gardaiqmneba axlo dakvirvebisas, konkretul garemoebebSi arsebuli sxvadasxva praqtikebis elementebad iSleba. am xedvis meTodologiuri importi intervius monacemebTan mimarTebaSi ganaxorciela kerolin beikerma, romelmac intervius monacemTa statusTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime axali sakiTxi wamoWra:

1. ra mimarTebaa respondentebis aRqmasa da samyaros Soris, romelsac isini aRweren? aris amgvari aRqmebi potenciurad “namdvili” an “aranamdvili”, Tu arcerTi es koncepti araa marTebuli maTTvis?

2. rogoria interviuersa da respondents Soris gagebiTi mimarTeba? nagebia Tu ara interviu “kargi interviuirebis praqtikis” standartizebuli teqnikebiT, Tu is upirobod emyareba sasaubro praqtikas, romelsac yvela viyenebT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi?

4.3 pozitivizmi

statistikurad logikur kvlevaSi interviuirebis monacemebi uzrunvelyofs misawvdomlobas “faqtebze” samyaros Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom es faqtebi asaxavs, rogorc biografiul informacias, aseve rwmena-warmodgenebs, yvela maTgani unda ganixilebodes aRqmebad, romelTa Sinaarsic warmoiSoba maTi Sesabamisobidan faqtobrivi realobisadmi. sadac aRniSnuli realoba arasrulyofiladaa warmodgenili aRqmis mier, Semowmeba da damuSaveba misasalmebelia, raTa miRebul iqnas ufro namdvili da ufro sruli suraTi imisa, Tu rogoraa realobaSi yvelaferi.

4.3.1 codnis tipi

standartul saxelmZRvaneloSi kvlevis Sesaxeb (seltici da sxv., 1964 w.) gamoyofen Semdeg eqvs qveTemas intervius SekiTxvebTan dakavSirebiT:

1. faqtebi isini ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba respondentis Sesaxeb biografiul informacias, informirebuli wyaroebis mier gancxadebebs organizaciebis struqturebis, politikisa da moqmedebaTa Taobaze, an raime RonisZiebis an jgufis aRweras. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia “araswori” aRwerebis gacxrilva sxvadasxva adamianebis gancxadebebis urTierTSedarebiT. “sinamdvilis dasadgenad gacilebiT ukeTesia jgufSi radikalurad sxvadasxva poziciebze myofi respondentebi Tanxmdebodnen gancxadebaze, vidre mxolod erTi respondenti akeTebdes gancxadebas jgufidan. amave dros, aSkarad sando informantTa monaTxrobebs Soris winaaRmdegoba mniSvnelovan safuZvels iZleva samomavlo kvlevisaTvis.”

2. rwmenebi faqtebis Sesaxeb rac exeba rwmenebsa da damokidebulebebs, gancxadebebis araviTari interpersonaluri jvaredini Semowmeba araa marTebuli. TumcaRa, magaliTad, seltici da sxv. (1964: 246) aRniSnaven, rom yovelTvis mniSvnelovania Tavdapirvelad imis Semowmeba, aqvs Tu ara respondents raime warmodgenebi SesakiTx Temaze, radganac winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mkvlevars mouwevs Tavad moZebnos sityvebi mTxrobelis magivrad.

3. SegrZnebebi da motivebi am SemTxvevaSi, “radganac emociuri pasuxebi xSirad Zalze kompleqsuria erTi fraziT aRsawerad” (1964: 248), seltici da sxv. gvTavazoben Ria-daboloebiT SekiTxvebs, rac respondentebs arCevanis saSualebas aZlevs, gamoiyenon maTi sakuTari terminebi.

4. moqmedebis standartebi aRniSnuli ukavSirdeba adamianebis Sexedulebebs imaze, Tu ra unda da SesaZlebelia gakeTdes garkveul konkretul situaciebSi. aq SesaZlebelia amgavri standartebis adamianebis gamocdilebebTan dakavSireba. Tuki adamians Sexeba hqonia situaciis aRweril tipTan, misi pasuxi savaraudod ufro metad saimedoa.

5. axlandeli an warsuli qceva aq rekomendirebulia specifikuri SekiTxvebis dasma realur, vidre hipoTetiur situaciebTan dakavSirebiT.

6. cnobieri mizezebi (1-dan 5-mdesTvis) vidre ubralod dasvaT kiTxva “ratom?” seltici da sxv. (1964: 253) aRniSnaven, rom mkvlevarma unda gamoikvlios mizezebis farTo speqtri, romelTac SeeZloT konkretuli Sedegis ganpirobeba (mag.: “mTxrobelis SegrZnebis istoria”).

pozitivistebisaTvis, romelTa mTavari fokusic interviuirebis dros faqtebi da maTi dadgenaa, teqnikis sandoobis TvalsazrisiT marTlac aqvT garkveuli problemebi, TumcaRa kvlevis dizaini Semowmebisa da dazustebis meqanizmebs moicavs. amave dros, respondentis ena maTTvis umniSvnelovanesia socialuri an fsiqologiuri faqtebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad iseve, rogorc standartizebuli interviuirebis modeli.

4.4 emocionalizmi

pozitivistebisaTvis interviuebis Catareba ZiriTadad faqtebis an rwmena-warmodgenebis dadgenas isaxavs miznad, xolo emocionalistebis mTavari fokusi mimarTulia ara obieqturi “faqtebis” gamovlenisaken, aramed subieqturi gamocdilebis auTenturi aRqmebis kvlevisaken. amis gansaxorcieleblad emocionalistebis Rrma rwmeniT interviuerebma unda scadon “SekiTxvebis formulireba da sasargeblo atmosferos uzrunvelyofa Ria da Seuferxebeli komunikaciisaTvis.” (holStaini da gubriumi, 1997: 116).

mTavari amocana aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi aris respondentebTan kargi urTierTgagebis miRweva da maTiT manipulirebis Tavidan arideba. amdenad, maSin, roca pozitivistebi zrunaven intervius ganrigidan amovidnen, rogorc SesaZlo upiratesi wyarodan, emocionalistebi piriqiT gaurbian mas. magaliTad, feminist interviuerebs xandaxan urCeven gamoiyenon SesaZlebloba da TavianTi sakuTari istoriebi mouyvnen respondentebs (oukli: 1981).

4.4.1 codnis tipi

emocionalist interviuerebs surT miwvdnen subieqts adamianis miRma, romelsac miniWebuli aqvs intervius respondentis roli. am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebuli interesis sagania – cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, xolo emociebi ganixileba, rogorc centraluri nawili amgvari gamocdilebisaTvis.

aRniSnuli midgomis praqtikaSi saCveneblad daveyrdnoT Sraiberis (1996) mier Catarebul intervius kvlevas “Tovlis gundis nimuSis” mixedviT, romelSic monawileobda 21 qali, romlebic sakuTar Tavs identificirebas ukeTebdnen, rogorc depresiisagan gankurnebulebi. Sraiberi Seecada Camoeyalibebina depresiis gamocdilebis aRqma, romelic misi gancxadebiT, “dabudebulia monawilis realur samyaroSi” (1996: 471). misi ganmartebiT, aRniSnuli “realuri samyaro” “sakuTari Tavis (xelmeored) definiciis” eqvs “fazas” moicavs, romelTagan yoveli maTgani samidan – xuTamde “Taviseburebebsa” da “moculobebs” Seicavs.

aRniSnuli gziT avtori cdilobs misi mkiTxvelebi (da sakuTari Tavi) Seaxos rasac igi uwodebs “depresiis gamocdilebas”, TumcaRa, rogorc igi amasTan miuTiTebs, aRniSnuli kvleva gaxldaT retrospeqtiuli xasiaTis da emyareboda respondentebis monaTxrobs, romlebic waaqezes, gaexedaT warsulisaken. rogorc Sraiberi aRniSnavs, rasac igi uwodebs amgvari gamocdilebis pirvel fazas (“Cemi Tavi adre”), “mxolod anarekliTaa danaxuli” (1996: 474).

pozitivistebisaTvis magaliTad, Sraiberis monacemTa sandooba eWvqveS dadgeboda iseve, rogorc misi ambicia “depresiis gamocdilebis” Secnobaze. magram, amis sapirispirod, misi emocionalisturi poziciidan, Sraibers naklebad ainteresebs “upiratesobani”, vidre “auTenturoba”. am TvalTaxedviT, “Rirebulia imis mosmena, Tu rogor esmiT qalebs im adamianebis, vinc isini warsulSi, im konkretuli momentisaTvis iyvnen” (1996: 474).

norman denzinma (1970: 125) SemogvTavaza emocionisturi modelis sami mTavari upiratesoba:

1. is respondentebs saSualebas aZlevs gamoiyenon Tavisi “unikaluri meTodebi samyaros definiciisaTvis”.

2. is uSvebs, rom SekiTxvebis fiqsirebuli mimdinareoba yvela respondents ar miesadageba.

3. is respondentebs saSualebas aZlevs, rom wamoWran mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, romlebic ganrigSi araa.

4.4.2 emocionalizmis SezRudvebi

Ria-daboloebiTi interviuebi

rogorc hamersli da etkinsoni (1983: 110-11) aRniSnaven, Zalze gulubryviloa imis daSveba, rom Ria-daboloebiTi an “warumarTavi” interviuireba araa TavisTavad socialuri kontrolis forma, romelic asaxavs, rasac adamianebi amboben. magaliTad, roca mkvlevari minimalurad aqtiuria da svams SekiTxvebs, amasac ki SeuZlia respondentisaTvis problemis interpretireba relevanturad. ufro metic, interviueris pasiurobas SeuZlia eqstremalurad Zlieri gavlena iqonios respondentze sasaubrod.

emocionalizmis modeli intervius gansakuTrebuli formisaTvis SesaZloa ganxilul iqnas upiratesobebisaTvis Tavis aridebis mxriv, rac sruliad misaRebia pozitivisturi midgomisaTvis.

gansxvaveba “humanistur” da socialuri mecnierebis poziciebs Soris

ratom aris interviuebi ase TvalnaTliv damyarebuli unikaluri adamianuri gamocdilebebis urTierTgacvlaze? marTlac, xom SesaZloa es TviT-naTeli “sinamdvile” miRebuli iyos ara socialuri mecnierebidan, aramed, sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli kulturuli daSvebebidan?

gavixsenoT Tundac Cveni aRfrTovaneba popularul adamianebTan interviuebiT televiziiT, an siaxleebi, an “ToqSouebi”. gvawvdian ki isini “unikaluri” gamocdilebebis namdvil Sinaarss? Tu ubralod imas gvawvdian, rac da rogorcaa miRebuli rom mogvawodon?

amgvari midgomebi socialur mecnierebaSi, romelic garkveuli azriT mediis midgomas iziarebs da acxadebs, rom adamianebis gamocdilebebi individualuri mniSvnelobisaa da auTenturia, bevr kiTxvas badebs. magaliTad, saidan miiReba gamocdilebebi? Tu Tqven xedavT erTferovnebas Tundac yvelaze intimur aRqmebSi, ese igi, socialur mecniers namdvilad aqvs aq samuSao.

aRniSnuli modeliT “humanist” socialur mecniers SeuZlia ukritikod miiRos sayovelTao keTilSobiluri daSveba, rom adamianuri gamocdilebis aRqmebi Rirebuli da aqtualuria, rasac mivyavarT analitikur sizarmacemde - intervius monacemebis ganxilvisas.

jansaRi azri

denzini (1970: 133-8) gvawvdis im “problemebis” CamonaTvals, romlebsac SeuZliaT “daamaxinjon” respondentebis pasuxebi:

· respondentebi sxvadasxva interaqcionalur rolebs floben interviuerisagan;

· “TviT-reprezentaciis” problema, gansakuTrebiT, intervius adreul etapebze;

· “swrafwarmavali” urTierTobebis problemebi, romlebzec respondentebs naklebi warmodgena aqvT da amgvarad, “SeuZliaT sakuTar Tavze zRaprebis SeTxzva, rac realur faqtebs daamaxinjebs” (1970: 135);

· gamocdilebis privatuli samyaroebis penetraciis sirTule;

· interviuerisa da respondentis relatiuri statusi;

· intervius “konteqsti” (mag., saxli, samuSao, saavadmyofo).

socialurma mecnierebma socialuri interaqciis Tvisebebi unda ikvlion da ara e.w. problemebi, romlebic “faqtebisa” da/an “gamocdilebebis” zusti raportirebis gzazea.

konstruqcionizmi

maSin, roca pozitivistebi interviuerTa subieqtebTan interaqcias mkacrad gansazRvruli kvlevis protokolis farglebSi ganixilaven mxolod, xolo emocionalistebi Zalze mgrZnobiareni arian interviuebis dros zogadad subieqtebis interaqciisadmi, konstruqcionistebs ainteresebT, rogorc amas norman denzini (1970: 133) uwodebs, Tu ra procesi mimdinareobs “fokusirebuli interaqciisas”, romelic meore adamianis gamocdilebis “auTenturi” gagebis gzaze arsebul damatebiT faqtorad ki ar ganixileba, aramed, Tavad sruluflebian, damoukidebel Temad, romlis Seswavlac konstruqcionistebis mTavari amocanaa.

4.5.1 codnis tipi

aRqmebi aramxolod samyaros warmoadgens, aramed, isini nawilia im samyarosi, romelsac aRweren. (hamersli da etkinsoni, 1983: 107)

emocionalistebi gvexmarebian davinaxoT is, rom intervius respondentebi aqtiuri mgrZnobieri subieqtebi arian, Tumca es ewinaaRmdegeba pozitivistur ritorikas imis Sesaxeb, rom aRqmebi “mxolod samyaros warmomdgeni” substanciebia. orive am midgomisagan gansxvavebiT, konstruqcionistebs ainteresebT imis dokumentireba, Tu rogoraa aRqmebi “im samyaros nawili, romelsac isini aRweren”.

ras niSnavs es praqtikaSi? codnis is tipi, romelic Cven aq gvainteresebs aris is, Tu rogor aqtiurad qmnian intervius monawileebi mniSvnelobas.

“aqtiuri intervius” Sesaxeb holStainisa da gubriumis Sexedulebis mixedviT, respondentis miRma myofi subieqti aramxolod gamocdilebis faqtebsa da detalebs flobs, aramed, pasuxisas maTi mowodebis procesSi konstruqciulad umatebs, gamoxSiravs da transformacias ukeTebs faqtebsa da detalebs. respondents gauWirdeba imis “dazianeba”, Tu ras warmoadgens igi sinamdvileSi - subieqturi Seqmnisas. (1997: 117)

interviuirebis amgvari midgomis uadresi mcdeloba ekuTvnis sikorels (1964), romlis mixedviTac, pozitivisturi “kargi teqnikis” Semcveli interviuireba sinamdvileSi Cvens siRrmiseul damokidebulebas avlens socialuri struqturebis yoveldRiur codnaze. rogorc igi wers, “is daxvewili stili, romelsac meTodologistebi warudgenen xolme axalbeda interviuers, ikiTxeba, rogorc sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris yoveldRiuri interaqciis Tvisebebi. amgvarad, “kargi da cudi interviuirebis” principebi SesaZloa aRviqvaT, rogorc socialuri interaqciis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi, romlebic socialurma mecnierma unda Seiswavlos. (1964: 68)

sikorelisaTvis meTodologistebis mier rekomendirebuli remidiebi socialuri samyaros codnidan aRmocendeba, romelic problematuri unda iyos. ufro metic, is “Secdomebi” romlebsac iZieben, sinamdvileSi dabrkolebebi ki araa socialuri kvlevisaTvis, aramed, socialuri interaqciis ZiriTad Tvisebebs asaxavs. sikoreli aRniSnavs, rom Cven unda viswavloT “Secdomis aRqma ara mxolod rogorc mwiri sandoobis mtkicebulebisa, aramed, agreTve, rogorc “normaluri” pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebisa” (1964: 74)

sikoreli exmaureba garfinkelis (1967) eTnomeTodologias mTeli Tavisi erTgvari SiSiT kvlevis aRmoCenebis “gasaocari, praqtikuli warmatebebis” gamo. orive maTganis, garfinkelisa da sikorelisaTvis amgvari aRmoCenebi refleqsurad “xedvisa” da “Ziebis” yoveldRiur procedurebs ukavSirdeba. sikoreli wers:

“interviueris Secdomisgan damoukideblad, sxvadasxva interviuerebma gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT urTierTmsgavsi pasuxebi miiRes sxvadasxva subieqtisagan. Semdeg erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli xdeba SekiTxva, Tu ra iyo invariantuli, an ufro sworad, rogor moxda invariantuli mniSvnelobebis komunikacia amgvari variaciebis miuxedavad.” (1964: 75)

sikorelisaTvis araviTari gansxvaveba ar arsebobs meTodologistebis, mkvlevarebisa da interviuerebis praqtikul unarebs Soris. yoveli maTgani Tanabradaa dainteresebuli imiT, rasac igi “mniSvnelobis sinqronizacias” uwodebs. yvela iyenebs “aSkarad xilul wesebs”, romlebic sayovelTao mimarTebebis, codnis wyaroebis, tipizaciis, miRebebis, adamianis sxva adamianebis winaSe daswrebis mowesrigebis wesebis da a.S. safuZvelze konkretuli konceptualuri sqemidan aRmocendeba. aRniSnuli gaziarebuli “jansaRi azris meqanizmebi, romlebic garemos azrs sZenen” (1964: 100) gansazRvrulia interviuebis Catarebisa da maTi analizisaTvis.

4.5.2 kvlevis mizani

konstruqcionistebi iziareben eTnomeTodologistebis fokuss imaze, Tu rogor alageben adamianebi azrs imgvar situaciebSi, rogoricaa interviuebi. rogorc holStaini da gubriumi aRniSnaven “aqtiur interviusTan” mimarTebaSi, “respondentebis pasuxebi da komentarebi konkretulad fiqsirebuli wyarodan miRebul realur reportebad ar ganixileba, piriqiT, maT im kuTxiT ganixilaven, rogorc isini realobis aspeqtebs ageben interviuerTan mWidro TanamSromlobiT. mTavari fokusi mimarTulia am agebis procesisaken da ara imisaken, Tu ra aris nagebi. (1997: 127)

amgvari midgomis miuxedavad, konstruqcionistebis umravlesobas surs aseve im mimarTebis SenarCunebac, rac magaliTad, emocionalistebisTvisaa yvelaze metad mniSvnelovani, anu fokusireba imaze, Tu ras amboben respondentebi imasTan erTad, Tu rogor amboben isini.

adamianebis “gamocdilebebisa da cxovrebis” Seswavlaze aqcentirebiT zogierTi eTnomeTodologistis azriT, holStaini da gubriumi garkveulwilad swored emocionalisturi modelisaken gvabruneben ukan, Tumca, SeuZlia Tu ara saerTod interviuirebis monacemebs raime metis Tqma mniSvnelobis lokaluri konstruirebis garda, Zalze aqtualuri sakiTxia dRes socialur mecnierebaSi da mas konstruqcionizmis ori Zalze gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT kritikisaken mivyavarT.

4.5.3 konstruqcionizmis kritika

SezRuduloba

miuxedavad imisa, rom konstruqcionizmis mier orive danarCeni modelis, pozitivizmisa da emocionalizmis kritika SesaZloa Zalze macduri Candes, sakuTriv mas mravali problema da Seusabamisobebi axlavs Tan. sikorelis eTnomeTodologiuri pozicia misi socialuri interaqciis TaviseburebebiT SesaZloa ganxilul iqnas, rogorc SeswavlisaTvis sxva danarCeni realobis uarmyofeli, garda Tavad interviusi.

mravali intervius mkvlevari daiCivlebda, rom sikorelis eTnomeTodologiiT Sepirobebuli koncefciis kvaldakval SesaZlebelia mxolod intervius monawileTa sasaubro unarebze fokusireba vidre im Sinaarsze, romelsac isini gadmoscemen iseve, rogorc maT mimarTebaze samyarosadmi intervius farglebs gareT.

ori pasuxi iqna gacemuli am kritikaze. eTnomeTodologiisadmi keTilganwyobili mkvlevarebi acxadeben, rom amgvari midgoma mxolod imisi aRmoCeniskenaa mimarTuli, rom intervius monawileTa mizezobrivi monawileobis Sinaarsi daadginos. amasTan, intervius saubris ormxrivi warmoebisas Cven Zalze bevri ramis Tqma SegviZlia am saubris Sinaarsze Cvenis mxridan yovelgvari Cveneuli azris zemoqmedebisa da dialogis SinaarsSi mniSvnelovani monakveTebis gamoyofis gareSe.

aRniSnuli midgomis sapirispirod, bevri konstruqcionalistis azriT, modelis “SezRudulobaze” saubari samarTliania. isini acxadeben, rom sruliad SesaZlebelia orive formis (rogor?) da (ra? – Sinaarsobrivi) kombinireba. holStaini da gubriumi am Sexedulebis aRiarebuli damcvelebi iyvnen. isini saubrobdnen “rogor?” da “ra?” SekiTxvebis kompleqsuri SemuSavebisa da respondentebisaTvis maTi erToblivad dasmis aucileblobaze.

SeuTavsebloba?

holStainisa da gubriumis Tanxmobadi pasuxi konstruqcionizmis “SezRudulobaze” garkveulwilad Riad tovebs maT sxvagvari kritikisaTvis. aris Tu ara “ra?” tipis SekiTxvebi upiratesad damaxasiaTebeli emocionalistebisa da pozitivistebisaTvis?

Tu asea, iqneb konstruqcionistebi is mkvlevarebi arian, visac surT intervius monacemTa gamoyeneba sinamdvileSi arsobrivad emocionalistebisa da pozitivistebis tipiuri SekiTxvebisaTvis pasuxis gasacemad ubralod Cveni ukan, warsulis poziciebze dabrunebiT?

es gaxlavT Zalze mniSvnelovani da kompleqsuri sakiTxi, romelsac martivi pasuxi ar aqvs.

4.9 sami modeli: reziume

4.9.1 intervius monacemTa Rirebuleba

pozitivistebi amtkiceben, rom winaswar Semowmebuli, standartizebuli SekiTxvebi kvlevis sandoobis xarisxis amaRlebis saSualebaa. TumcaRa, rogorc emocionalizmi, aseve konstruqcionizmi eWvqveS ayenebs im monacemebis faseulobis sakiTxs, romlebic miRebulia standartizebuli kvleviTi stilis interviuebidan.

zogierTi konstruqcionalisti, magaliTad, glasneri da mileri miiCneven, rom adamianebis kulturuli samyaroebi gacilebiT kompleqsuria, vidre pozitivistTa umravlesobas SeuZlia maTi amowurva. Sesabamisad, am mkvlevarebs arasakmarisad miaCniaT intervius ganrigis ubralod winaswari Semowmeba ramodenime respondentisaTvis momzadebuli SekiTxvebis dasmiT da isini respondentebze sistematur dakvirvebas gvTavazoben TviT intervius dawyebamdec.

eTnomeTodologistebs saqme ufro Sors mihyavT da isini iSviaTad iyeneben intervius meTodebs monacemebis Sesagroveblad. amis nacvlad, eTnomeTodologistebi koncentrirdebian sufTa “bunebrivad mimdinare” plastebze, romlebsac isini akvirdebian da/an iweren piradad.

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom intervius monacemTa Rirebulebis kritika gaucnobiereblad iziarebs ufro metad tradiciuli midgomebis debulebas.

rogorc hamersli da etkinsoni (1983) aRniSnaven, “bunebrivad Segrovebadi monacemebi” garkveuli azriT – “naturalisturia”, xolo naturalizmi gaucnobiereblad da auRiareblad eTanxmeba pozitivizms imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom saukeTeso monacemebi raRacnairad mxolod isinia, romlebsac “adamianis xeli ar Sexebia”, anu – neitraluri, upiratesobiTi mimarTebebisagan Tavisufali da reprezentatiuli. zog SemTxvevebSi naturalistebi garkveulwilad pozitivisturi programis memkvidreebi arian, romlebic gansxvavebul meTodebs iyeneben upirobo “simarTleebis” dasadgenad da misaRwevad.

amgvarad, bunebrivad Segrovebadi monacemebis siZlieris miuxedavad, namdvilad ar aris aralegitimuri sakuTari kvleviTi interviuebis momzadeba da ganxorcieleba. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi damokidebulia swored statusze, romelic am tipis interviuebiT Segrovebuli monacemebis Sesabamisi unda iyos.

4.9.2 “sinamdvile” intervius monacemebis Sesaxeb

erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba, romelic pozitivistebsa da emocionalistebs konstruqcionalistebisagan ganasxvavebs aris is, Tu ramdenad ganixilaven interviuebs sworxazovan raportebad sxva realobis Sesaxeb, an ramdenad zomierad xorcieldeba maTi sakuTari struqturebis raportingi da gamosaxva.

yofili “eqsternalisturi” poziciis mixedviT, interviuebi principSi gare realobebis amsaxvel raportebad ganixileba. pozitivistebis erTaderTi piroba – mkacri protokolis farglebSi dakvirvebaa. emocionalistebisaTvis ki piroba gaxlavT is, rom interviuerma unda scados preziumirebuli Zalauflebis disbalansis daZleva Tavis respondentTan.

“internalisturi” poziciis Tanaxmad, interviuebi saintereso monacemebs warmoadgenen. Tumca, aRniSnuli monacemebi interpretirebad procedurebs an sasaubro praqtikebs asaxaven, romlebic saxezea orive subieqtis – interviuerisa da respondentis araverbaluri moqmedebebisa da sxva qcevebis ganxorcielebis dros (beikeri, 1982).

konstruqcionizmSi garkveuli daZabulobaa intervius monacemTa internalistur da eqsternalistur versiebs Soris; anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, magaliTad, mileri da glasneri ar arian Rrmad darwmunebulni, rom interviuebi sufTa adgilobrivi movlenebia, an rom isini asaxaven eqsternalur (gare) realobebs.

es dava naTlad Cans intervius monacemTa SerCevadobisa da gacxrilvis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevarTa diskusiebisas.

gacilebiT saintereso tendenciebs moicavs magaliTad, konstruqcionizmi, romelic mianiSnebs, rom intervius pasuxebis mxolod “namdvilia” da “namdvili ar aris” raportebiT mosmena realobaSi ar gvWirdeba da isini mxolod perspeqtivebis an moraluri debulebebis amsaxvelad SegviZlia aRviqvaT.

intervius “aRqmis” realobis dacva da gageba mravali konstruqcionistis centraluri principia.

mkvlevari uaiTi Zalze saintereso magaliTebis saSualebiT gvaCvenebs imas, rom respondentebis aRqmebis praqtikulad mecnieruli ganacxadebis saxiT ganxilva yovelTvis araa aucilebeli. es uaiTs ubiZgebs dasvas SekiTxvebi respondentebis aRqmaTa mizezobrivi safuZvlebis Sesaxeb Tavis naSromSi – “movlenebi da pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi, saidanac (isini) warmoiqmneba”; 1980: 117.

erT-erTi mTavari SekiTxva interviuebis raportTa “namdvilobis” Tu situaciuri naratiulobis arsis Sesaxeb ori dakvirvebis Taobaze saubris saSualebas iZleva.

pirvelia is, rom yvelaferi damokidebulia Cvens – mkvlevarTa lokalurad wamoWril miznebze. zog SemTxvevaSi, rogorc magaliTad beikeris naSromSia warmodgenili, azri aqvs mocvad koncentrirebas intervius saubris lokalur an situaciur xasiaTze. magaliTad, pacientTa kmayofilebis kvlevebSi, namdvilad nayofieria potenciurad “namdvili” – “ar aris namdvili” raportingis Catareba, xolo, zog mkvlevars, magaliTad, milerisa da glasneris, an holStainisa da gubriumis “ormagi” midgomis gamoyenebac SeuZlia.

meore dakvirvebis mixedviT ki, romelic baruxisa da beikeris kvlevebs ukavSirdeba, Tuki Cven am mkvlevarTa msgavsad, intervius saubris lokalur xasiaTze movaxdenT fokusirebas, maSin Sinaarsze dominantur formaze fokuss miviRebT. TumcaRa, am midgomas kvlav polaruli xasiaTis diskusiis wamoWramde mivyavarT. adamianebis erTmaneTTan saubris analiziT mkvlevarisaTvis namdvilad misawvdomi xdeba kulturuli samyaro da moraluri debulebebis miseuli Sinaarsi. amgvari pozicia axasiaTebs swored garfinkelis (1967) mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom aRqmebi im samyaros nawilia, romelsac isini aRweren.